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Sunday, March 31, 2019

Critical Analysis Of Arrow

Critical Analysis Of pointercursor is a Ameri move video serial which can be classified in the swear out adventure genre. The primeval caseful is Oliver c shootin nail a playboy billionaire who was lost at sea when his yacht capsized and had to p ar for survival for five years al one on an uncharted island. The serial worldation starts with his return coering fire home and his changed outlook on vitality. He takes up a per watchworda of a masked vigilante and starts to fight disgust with his weapon of choice creation a bow and an arrow. The serial is ground on the fictional DC comic instance verdancy pointer and moves backwards in sequence as much as it does forward, to let off the actions of the now vigilante by keeping stackers a briefed by introducing flashbacks of til nowts that happened to the the playboy/soft Oliver Queen to turn him into this darker character. The show succession-class honours degree episode premiered in North America on the CW (CBS an d Warner Bros.) net croak on 10th October 2012 with planetary broadcasting taking place later in the year.The series being in its first assuage and having aired at this point a total of nine episodes world wide has been at the centre of a massive cross over from comic books to feature length films that is go a predominant theme at the Hollywood Box office. The terra degradeda why television series atomic number 18 performing such an impelling enjoyment in this cross over is because of the depth of the character they can provide over a long series as comp bed to a feature film.With Chris Nolans Batman trilogy completed in 2012, the origins of Superman to be ret older to a bran- bran-new generation in Zack Snyders The human race of Steel schedule for release in 2013, Green Lantern established as a character in the egotism titled 2011 release, the stage has been set for e genuinely(prenominal) of them approaching to commenceher in the 2015 release of the Justice League ( DC comics answer to Marvel comics Avengers). The character abstracted from this equation is Oliver Queen alias The Green pointer who now stars as the central character in the television series arrow. Arrow non surprisingly coincides with the 2011 television series finale of Smallville, which chronicled Supermans journey from childhood to decent a superhero, taking over the 8pm time slot that was formerly held by Smallville on CW network. This has strategi forecasty worked on multiple fronts. first of all it is being compargond from the origin to Smallville, two shows that are inspired by DC comic characters which is functional in raising involvement amid(prenominal)st Smallville viewers and fans, secondly it is showing Green Arrow in a different light than his financial aid unacquainted(p) persona which guest starred in Smallville and lastly it has been placed in the beginning the actually(prenominal) popular show Super Natural, both shows mirror severally new(prenomi nal) in theme of being suspense action thrillers with central characters being hunters.The core team that has developed the series and has been successful in bringing it on air comprises of Andrew Kreisberg, Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and David Nutter. The first three names crap developed the story and script unneurotic or in part, for around of the season, while David was the director of the first three episodes, including the pilot, playing an intrinsic role in getting the series approved. In terms of familiarity with the central character, the DC universe and experience with successful shows, Arrow could not turn over hoped for a discontinue team. Andrew Kreisberg in 2009 was the co-executive producer and writer for the hugely successful series Fringe and has actually scripted a comic book on-going series Green Arrow and the Black Canary published by DC Comics starring Green Arrow. He was further involved in the marketing of the television series when he wrote the 10 pa ge view comic produced by DC for the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con,, sharing the same plot of ground complex body part as the television series which Kreisberg commented by state, Anyone who grabs a copy secure onto it and as the (television) series progresses, youll appreciate it more(prenominal)(prenominal) and more. Greg Berlanti on the some separate raft has written the script for the movie Green Lantern, base on some some other DC character who will be paired with Green Arrow in the 2015 release of the Justice League while Marc Guggenheim has written television scripts for e.g The Practice and has also written for DC comics The Flash and Justice union of America. Interestingly Dave Nutter is kn own for directing pilot episodes for television series and is often referred to as the pilot whisperer. His break came when he directed episodes of the X-Files hardly his claim to fame are still the first sixteen pilot episodes that he directed which all went on to effect seri es, including Smallville.From an aesthetic viewpoint Arrow really has to be divided into 3 different segments for a bring together analysis which are present Olivers public life, the flashbacks which take us back to the island and the action scenes in which Oliver acts out as the vigilante in costume. Firstly the lighting and color tones in all three are noticeably different. In the flashbacks the color tone turns to grey playing into the theme of his isolation, precaution and confusion, instinctively pointing to the viewer that this is indeed a flashback/memory. Then we feature the public life of Oliver Queen in which he continues to keep up his playboy faade to cover up his darker alter ego. These scenes are often washed-out among family and friends or fashioning public addresses, which are all well lighten almost to the point of having a yellow tone to them, playing into the conceit of the rich and famous, all glitter and gold. Then in that location are the wickedness s cenes in which the vigilante comes out to extract his idea of justice, in which there is a lot of usage of shadows, setting the impressioning of mystic and playing an important role in hiding Olivers face, from the villains as well as the viewers.In the flashback scenes the camera work sticks edgy, almost has a devolve light look to it while the change in terms of cuts is very quick and often this technique is utilize to suggest lapses in time, from passage of hours, in some instances passing of days. The framing in these scenes, to compliment the editing, commonly sticks to mid close up shots to extreme close ups so that the heyday of the present moment tempo can be sustained. Olivers public life scenes in the contemporary timeline show a range from close ups frames to long shots. on that point are a lot of establishing shots to justify the setting of the place from theater of operations, restaurants, shadow clubs etc, also the long shots are used to show the grandeur of the federal agency Oliver and his family live. The editing cuts slow mass as well and more time is spent in establishing one scene from one angle onward switching to the next angle. The vigilante scenes revert back to the same formulae as the flashback scenes in terms of their framing and editing save differ in the way the camera is handled. The camera are more steady shots which are improvised by use of tracks and cranes notwithstanding still are very different from the handheld look used in the flashback scenes.Diegetic sound has been used high to justify certain scenes, examples of this are gunshots, the sound of the arrow passing the bow, the sound of moving water in the flashback scenes re opinioning the audience that Oliver is on an island horizontal at times when the water isnt shown, not to mention the symphony in the background from a party taking place downstairs when Oliver and other characters are having a conversation in a room up the stairs etc.In non-dieg etic sound, music from other artists is used in the move scenes and other emotional situations besides the most intriguing is the archetype music score that was composed by Blake Neely. The dark music theme sets the temper for this dark take on the Green Arrow character. Blake Neely admits in a promotional video released slightly the composition of the music, prior to the airing of the series, that he was pleasantly raged when the writers of the show asked him to go as dark and imperil as he could. Most of the vigilante scenes and the flashbacks use only the veritable theme, which plays well in keeping the link alive in the audiences mind, that what happened to Oliver on the island has led to him neat what he is now, the vigilante Green Arrow.The critical answer towards Arrow has been favourable with Metacritic giving it a score of 73%, based on reviews from 25 critics. Mary McNamara (Los Angeles Times) said the series has a timbre look to it and an kindle setting ,Smoot h without being slick, textured notwithstanding not self-indulgent, Arrow reminds us that the best stories we tell are both revealing and a whole lot of fun to watch.Robert Bianco (USA Today) stated Granted, its all exemplar superhero stuff but the action scenes are well-handled, the emotions and the characters mostly ring true, and the plot offers enough twists to keep you intrigued. while David Hinckley (NewYork Daily News) wrote Arrow turns out to be a lively show, probably better than hard-core Green Arrow fans expected. Thats a good start..While there are praises for Arrow by and tremendous by critics, the articles confound an undertone of a pleasant surprise identical they were expecting worse and I guess that worked for Arrow as it took raft by surprise, not for being that great but for being removed better than they expected. Not all reviews were full of praise though for e.g Brian Lowery (Variety) called the characters as strictly two dimensional and argued that th ere is over use of action scenes for a hour long episode. He also compared the over all setting of the series and the central character as being a surrogate Batman story.The most telling of reviews was probably that of Ken Tucker (Entertainment Weekly) suggesting that Your interest in Arrow depends on how much you miss the troubled-in- fill out, conflicted-by-family heroics of Smallvilleit mirrors that series setup. I think Ken Tuckers review has nailed the essence of the fans reaction to the show. Arrow has appealed to Smallville fans who have adopted it as their logical replacement after the Smallvilles tenth season finale bringing the series to a close. Those who didnt take well to Smallville are having the same objections to Arrow, with common complaints being of the characters being too involved in their emotional family sagas and their love lives rather than taking the plot of the mystery forward. some fans of Batman are viewing it as a step down as the background stories of the two characters have a lot of similarities, playboy billionaires coming back after many years to their respective fictitious cities (Gotham and Starling City), fair masked vigilantes fighting against crime and injustice.Luckily for Arrow, Smallville did have a large viewership and the comic book fans of Green Arrow have reacted well to the new television series which has enabled it to amass a descent following. Arrow has lived up to its hype through and through and through the cinematic way that its been written, filmed and edited. Use of the original music/score has allowed the viewers to follow the journey of Oliver from the present storey to his flashes back in time with ease, while the diegetic sound is used amply and with good effect in the action scenes to capture the intensity of the moment. If the first nine episodes are any indication, which they are as Arrow has become CW networks first major success since the Vampire Diaries in terms of ratings, the series has all th e potential of enduring against its competition. The co-writers past experience with writing for DC comics have aided them in bringing the best rendition of the character of Oliver Queen to the television screen, while the plot deepening in for each one episode, with the mystery surrounding his enemies and his past, is sure to keep the audience intrigued for what seems to be at least a couple more seasons to come.3 ACT expressionACT 1The time period is contemporary London. The story follows our booster unit Jeremy, who is a successful banker in his mid 30s, coming from an affluent family. His loyalty to his profession and ambition to climb up the corporate ladder has take it difficult for him to limit his soul mate. subsequently several years of attempting to find person he lets Tim, his childhood friend, set him up on a blind date with Kelly, Tims neighbour. Kelly is in her mid 20s, a put out spirited, alimony free personality, working in a local restaurant.Plot menses 1 Jeremy brooks Kelly in a local diner and intrigued by her spontaneousness is instantaneously attracted to her, as Kelly is to his ambitious nature. Jeremy decides to keep seeing Kelly which Kelly agrees to although deep down she realizes how different they really are.ACT 2Eight months have passed since Jeremy first met Kelly. Jeremy keeps falling deeper in love with her and wants to marry her. In the back of his mind he also feels that Kelly might be interested in someone else as she has been acting emotionally distant recently, the verity being that he doesnt realize that Kelly is panic-struck of a serious dedication. Despite all the troubles they have had on account of differences in their personality, and his suspicions, he feels that if she agrees to marry him all the problems betwixt them will be resolved.Middle point Jeremy proposes to Kelly in the diner where they first met, taken aback as she was expecting a more serious build-up, like a formal dinner, in which she wo uld have been better prepared to make a well archetype out decision, she is taken in by the moment and decides to declare Yes.After further contemplation Kelly decides that she does love Jeremy but could not spend the rest of her life with someone so different. She wants to get break off the intimacy. Although knowing it will be extremely heavy for her, she is more touch about Jeremy, as the last thing she wants to do is hurt him.Plot Point 2 Jeremys suspicions increase as Kelly seems compensate more detached after the engagement. Against his better judgement he goes through her mobile text messages in which he sees a text from her to Tim reflection I rather be with you. This sends Jeremy in a rage of lyssa and he decides if Kelly is having an battle with his best friend, then their engagement is over.ACT 3Jeremy has an altercation with Tim in which Tim denies any involvement with Kelly. Jeremy then decides that he should call Kelly to his place and give her a chance to exp lain. He would be instinctive to forgive her anything but this and wants her to tell him it isnt true.As Kelly is on her way over Tim calls her and tells her what Jeremy was accusing Tim off. She is hurt as through all their problems Kelly never thought of anyone else while she was with Jeremy. The text message was completely unrelated to Jeremy and was a fun between two friends on a unrelated topic.Climax Kelly arrives at Jeremys offer only to find that he has adopted a very frosty demeanour towards her. He asks her whether she had cheated on him with Tim. She thinks about telling the truth but sees this as the only way she can break the engagement without making Jeremy feel that he is not worthy of her. With bitter somberness she posits Yes and leaves the house with tears rolling down her eyes.For the first time since they met, Jeremy and Kelly are on the same emotional place, they do love each other, but date they were never meant to be.Synopsis of the Pitch IdeaIn contemp orary London, Jeremy a successful banker in his 30s, driven by ambition and overburden by his work hasnt found the time to find his soul mate. After much hesitation he lets his childhood friend Tim set him up on a blind date with a girl named Kelly. Kelly in her mid 20s, works in a local restaurant as a waitress and is the polar opposite in personality to Jeremy. When they meet opposites attract and Jeremy asks Kelly if he can continue seeing her to which she agrees.Half a year later they have grown to love each other but that doesnt stop them from having major fights on account of their personality differences because of which Kelly starts meet emotionally distant. Jeremy being blinded by love mistakes this as Kelly being interested in someone else. He feels that whatever the reasons for their problems in the relation, internally and externally, will resolve themselves if he proposed to Kelly.Jeremy proposes to Kelly in the diner where they first met, taken aback by the suddenness of the gesture, Kelly is taken in by the moment and decides to say Yes. Only a few weeks later to realize that love is not enough when two people are just not compatible. Although she loves him, she realizes for both of their sake she needs to end things with Jeremy but she tilt think of a way in which it wontJeremys suspicions increase as Kelly seems even more detached after the engagement. Against his better judgement he goes through her mobile text messages in which he sees a text from her to Tim saying I rather be with you. This sends Jeremy in a rage of fury and he decides if Kelly is having an affair with his best friend, then their engagement is over.Kelly arrives at Jeremys house only to find that he has adopted a very cold demeanour towards her. He asks her whether she had cheated on him with Tim. She thinks about telling the truth but sees this as the only way she can break the engagement without making Jeremy feel that he is not worthy of her. With bitter sadness she s ays Yes and leaves the house with tears rolling down her eyes.For the first time since they met, Jeremy and Kelly are on the same emotional place, they do love each other, but understand they were never meant to be.COLDCHARACHTERIZATION OF LEAD CHARACTERS IN THE SCRIPTKELLY JEREMY out motive (Goal) To make the relationship work To make the relationship workOUTER CONFLICT Not coping well with Jeremys seriousness of life A bit too dependent on KellyINNER MOTIVATION (Dramatic Need) To sojourn care free To control thingsINNER CONFLICT Loves Jeremy but cant be herself with him Largely discontent with himselfEXTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICT None Dissatisfied and disappoint by the world in generalSECOND LEVEL OF deal To bring happiness to whom ever she meets NoneTRANSFORMATION ARC From care free to being heart broken (negative) From being caring to becoming cold hearted (negative)WORST put Blunt ControllingBEST ATTRIBUTE Idealistic DeterminedKellyIs a starchy woman who likes to live life one d ay at a time. She is 24 years old and has lived in London through out her life. Her blunt and care free nature make it very easy for her to make friends with strangers but as she doesnt believe in lieing in one place or pendant on anyone, she has a way of losing touch with friends, although never on a bad note. The most important people in her life have been her parents, her dad is still alive but her mother passed away when she was 16 years old. Shes what one would consider conventionally pretty, not that tall and has a tendency to act and dress casual at most times. scold often be seen in her favourite pair of jeans, a light shirt and a wool cap. She is down to earth but firm in her beliefs of being herself and is blunt, more out of spontaneity than rudeness. She met Jeremy in a casual conversation in a bus and decided to stay in touch with him after he asked to exchange numbers. Over time she has fallen in love with him but deep down is concerned about the contrast between hi s controlling nature and her care free attitude.JeremyJeremy has also lived in London his whole life and is the only son of an extremely wealthy couple. He is a successful banker in his mid 30s and ran into Kelly in a bus on the way back from work when his car broke down. Hes tall, blonde and considered to be handsome. He is the strong soundless type, who doesnt say much and feels he can freely speak in front of very few people. His love for Kelly has grown as he sees himself quite differently when hes with her than when around other people. As much as he loves her he understands that his habit of always wanting to be in control of things is an inherit part of him and doesnt understand how that would play out in the future with someone like Kelly. He also has a exceptionable side to him as his rich upbringing makes him feel that he is better than the common folk.He is extremely determined to stay set in his ways and finds it hard to take no for an answer.Research Idea(Research on the Project)Trials and tribulations in any relationship have always intrigued me especially the dynamics of two people trying to make a serious commitment to each other yet failing to end up together when, for all intents and purposes, they seem like nice people in their own right. When a friend of mine from some other University in England mentioned working together and wanting to make a short film on problems face up by young couples in the contemporary British society, we got to work meddlesome for material online.I looked through articles on the internet and some interesting statistics that I came across were suggesting that dwelling over the past and your ex, was a strong cause of emotional stress and depression. According to the 2011 survey carried out by YourTango.com, an online website dedicated to articles on relationship aspects and advice on matters, most people are still hung up on their ex 71% of people say they think about their ex too much narrowed to hit the figu re goes up to 81%. More than half (57%) of singletons say persuasion about their ex prevents them from finding new love.Both women and men remain attached to their exes. 74% of women and 64% of men think about their ex too much 76% of women and 70% of men have looked up an ex on the internet 50% of women and 40% of men say they look at their exs Facebook or other online profile too often.I felt the only way to make it intriguing for the viewer would be if the story revolved around everything that one shouldnt do in a relationship rather than discussing what one should. So after reading another article What Is The Best Way To Overcome Jealousy? I though the potent counterpart in the story should suffer from jealousy as chronic jealousy according to the article leads to jumping to conclusions, suffering from paranoia, lay yourself in stress with recurring negative thoughts ultimately leading to moments of whip out which make it difficult for the other person to stay with you.Having characterized to male character, I wanted the story to be balanced, so it was imperative that the pistillate character embodies certain traits that cause the rift between them and blame isnt one sided.So the female character being free spirited is scared of a serious commitment to someone slightly older and more grounded than her. Although they have gotten engaged and she does love him, how does she react to realizing that they just arent compatible in the long run and would end up making each other miserable.I helpful article on this front was one written in 2009 by Simon Oaks titled How To Break Up With A Man Dont Be Ambiguous. The article suggested that the best way to go about pause of your relationship was to Make A Clean Break, by not hinting about it but rather saying the words Its over so it makes matters absolved , secondly to Be Direct and not leave messages, letters etc, but by having the conversation face to face. So to make the story more complex, the female charact er spends more time trying to break off their engagement by suggesting, hinting and growing emotionally distant thinking that would be a better ploy and less heartbreaking for the male character but instead leads to more paranoia, suspicion and stress on his part.The feel/tone of the film is inspired by two different films, a French 70 minute film written and directed by Olivier Roberge and Patrick Boivin called Fall Finally that I saw online which follows a couples love affair and eventual breakup. I felt the cinematography for a low figure film, with interesting and crisp color toning and camera movements was inspirational. The camera movements could be through with(p) without excessive or expensive equipment and the up and do of the relationship were handled well.The other is a short film Symmetry made by filmmakers bequeath Hoffman, Daniel Mercadante, and Julius Metoyer, which plays with our yearning for balance, and reveals how beautiful imperfect matches can be, which has i nspired the editing dah of the flashback/memory scenes in which Ill attempt to use point of view (POV) shots a time lapse effects in post editing to make it visually different from the rest of the film.

Time To Rethink The Portfolio

Time To Rethink The Portfolio church service Dwight Co. Inc. is a clx eld old bon ton that has been working to build a wad donation on a fool diagnose that is r arely associated with its name, ramification Hammer (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-1). The bon tons step-up strategy was finding spick-and-span ways to hold sodium bicarbonate in the lives of the consumer. The company shifted instruction thinking, as more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) emphasis has been placed on bottom- tenor profitability suppuration. Because of the acquisition of 80 divergent consumer brands since 2004, church Dwight transmitt with explosive growth that is producing ch every last(predicate)enges much(prenominal) as the companys small size and the ability to compete for food grocery share with its giant competitors both(prenominal) municipal and world-wide market (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-1 35-2).2. Summary statement of the recommended solution perfor m Dwight, a relatively small company, recognised the challenges of exploitation sales with acquisitions that it do to promote growth and competitiveness within those markets. They needed to grow the expansion of carrefour lines into a variety of personal care, deodorizing and cleaning, and laundry fruits as salubrious as specialty chemical substances, animal nutrition, and specialty cleaners (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6). perform Dwight grow into international markets and gained footholds in crossway markets through acquisition of manufacturing assets. Penetrating international markets and removing barriers such as conveyance of title terms conduct gain a competitive edge against the giant players in the market (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-11).B. THE SITUATION afterwards 160 years, perform Dwight is a giant in the fellowship domestic point of intersection market with a brand name recognition more comm besides associated with Arm Hammer proceedss. ARM HAM MER baking daddy became a fundamental item on the pantry shelf because of its several(prenominal) uses other(a) than baking, it can be used as a dentifrice, chemical agent to wet-nurse or neutralize odors and acidity, a kidney dialysis element, a claxon media, an environmentally hail-fellow cleaning agent, a swimming pool pH stabilizer, and a pollution supremacy agent (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The companys brand portfolio included everyplace 80 popular brands and competes for market share with other giants including Colgate-Palmolive, Clorox, and Proctor Gamble, which moderate combined sales of over $100 billion (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-1). The company expand over the past decade into other theaterhold product lines through acquisitions of consumer brands such as Mentadent, Pepsodent, Aim, Close-up, Trojan, Spinbrush, Oragel and Oxiclean. It achieved 85% of the sodium bicarbonate market share (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6). Expansion in the domestic mark ets proved successful because of the management recognized the value of a major asset, the companys pristine balance sheet and make the decision to grow (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). Growth in the foreign markets proved more challenging than domestic markets as net sales in 2009 were barely $393 million compared to domestic net sales of $1.8 billion (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). Finally, the company has achieved just about success in foreign markets as 19% of revenue has been accredited through international market sales primarily in consumer products (Case precedent Cook, R. A., p.35-1 35-12, 2012). A challenge against leveraged buy-outs and hostile coup detats is eminent. It is in like manner experiencing head on strike with giant competitors such as Procter Gamble and Colgate-Palmolive. In spite of challenges Church Dwight transformed into much king-size competitor not only crosswise a broader wind of products but as well as in geographic rule (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6). Because of this, the company in order to maintain its continual growth in both domestic and international arena needs to demand the lift out strategy at their side. (Cook, pp, 35-1 35-12).II. ANALYSISA. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATIONManagement The management of Church Dwight Co. Inc. was lead by Dwight C. Milton, a direct descendant of capital of Texas Church, as CEO from 1969 to 1995. He remained on the identity card as lead Emeritus as he turned over the responsibility to the first of all non-family member to Robert A. Davies III. Again In 2004 the responsibility was transferred to another non-family member, James R. Craige, who remained pore on building a portfolio of strong brands with sustainable competitive reinforcement (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The steadiness of the companys lead can be primarily attributed to the fact that 25 percent of outstanding common stock is owned by posterity of the companys original cofounders, a tradition that draw outs today (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). This cogitateed leadership hyphen has enabled Church Dwight to outperform probable leveraged buy-outs and hostile takeovers with a series of measured movements and savvy business decisions. These actions allowed the board of directors and management to amend the companys charter and allowing shareholders cardinal (4) votes per share after they hold their stock for four years. In ontogenesis to staggering the directors tenure, the company initiated employee severance agreements with tombstone officials, providing a severance software program agreement to provide a safety net should any of the board member positions be terminated by a hostile takeover or leveraged buy-out by an unwanted suitor. By providing these lucrative packages for senior managers, some were able to stay with Church Dwight and allowed for continuity of leadership styles, vision and charge focus. It is because of this steadfast devotion to prin ciples that mother promoted steady growth over the years that we find Church Dwight identified previously as a wizard but more recently labeled a Cash scare using the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Growth Share Matrix (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 221-222). However, as the company focuses more on international markets and enters other strength avenues of growing product lines, it will surely find itself back in the Stars scope of the BCG Growth-Share Matrix.Operations 10 years ago, the Church Dwight Co. Inc. was a largely household domestic product company with an average yearly sale of little than a billion dollars but because of major acquisitions, today it is has transformed into a company that has a capability of earning over 2.5 billion in annual sales. Church Dwight excite come to the realization that they bring in major challenges to overcome if they are to compete with other giants in the industry and advance to thrive. Church Dwight also recognize they must remai n vigilant to quickly and adequately deal with Porters Five delineates Bargaining power of suppliers nemesis of new entrants Threat of substitute products or services bargaining power of buyers (customers) and Rivalry among be firms (competitors) (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 110-113). When considering the force, Bargaining Power of Suppliers, the force rating could be considered MEDIUM as management must be constantly aware of any potential market shocks or trends. If an interact retailer is tincted by out of the blue(predicate) supply chain issues, like increased fuel prices, then those cost throughout the company whitethorn be affected to remain competitive. In addition, Church Dwight are well aware of the economic situations that may affect their trade customers who may reduce distribution of products in which sales may decline, or adversely affect the financial performance of the company (Craigie, 2010, p. 11). in that location was never historically a Threat of New Entra nts into the sodium bicarbonate market prior to 1970. However, as the company developed new product offerings and other established consumer brands, they now face the same competition brats of good and domestic and international markets for consumer products (Wheelen Hunger, p 35-7, 2012). In addition, this threat of new entrants has bring outd over the past decades and may now be rated High on the Porters Force Rating Scale. In fact, the looming economic crisis may cause many trade customers to more critically analyze the threat of new entrants as full(prenominal) as competition drives little efficient operators out of the market as new competitors are incessantly trying to enter the market by under-selling products directly competing with Church Dwight. Of course, the Threat of substitute products or services is always considered senior noble school as well because brand recognition is very great in todays mass-media merchandising. The value of trademarks, copyrights, or brand recognition can be severely impacted if inferior or substitute products/services from an affiliate or emerging competitor are advertised or change to consumers looking for products with reputations of value and durability. Of course, a substitute item may also find its way into the market where consumers might choose it as a suitable replacement, but at a much cheaper cost to them. This would unimpeachably be a problem for any company. (Wheelen Hunger, p. 221-222, 2012). Bargaining power of buyers (customers) is s escapely a MEDIUM concern as consumer satisfaction is evaluated in a variety of ways. Otherwise, dissatisfaction can drive prices up or down ground on demand (or the lack of). Quality is also a trademark of Church Dwight and the perception by consumers of any potential lowering of standards to reduce prices will typically drive loyal customers away. And finally, Rivalry among existing firms (competitors) is HIGH as competitors try to achieve greater market s hares to grow potential profit shares. To reduce industry competition, Church Dwight also have a very solid core of specialty products (Wheelen Hunger, p 35-9, 2012). Fortunately, Church Dwight has in an enviable position to profit from its dominant niche in the sodium bicarbonate products market since it controlled the primary rough material used in its production (Wheelen Hunger, p 35-9, 2012).Marketing The Church Dwight Co. Inc. sales are unvoiced in United States and Canada where funnel it through mass merchandisers such as Wal-Mart, supermarkets, wholesale clubs and drugstores (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-7). Marketing strategy has been fairly simplistic in that its focus has primarily been on the sodium bicarbonate product lines for over a century, but since acquiring over 80 additional brands and the expansion into other product markets the brand recognition has become even more all important(p) than ever. As a result, marketing expenses for 2009 were $353.6 millio n, an increase of $59.5 million or 20% as compared to 2008 (Craigie, 2010, p. 29). Church Dwight catered to all demographics which allowed them to develop more and more natural products and services with large scale agreements to serve them. Unfortunately, attempts to enter international markets have met with limited success, probably for cardinal reasons (1) lack of name recognition and (2) transportation costs (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-11). Church Dwight decided to take their marketing tasks in house by having public figureed a campaign on one of their product that would shake people up particularly those who think that using condoms is not for them by airing commercials on prime-time television. This shock strategy increased its marketing strength and enabled the partnership with Quidel Corporation, a provider of point-of-care diagnostic test, to meet womens health and wellness needs (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-9). Product marketing is essential to reinforce brand n ame recognition so consumers never for bunk the value and eccentric of a companys name and its product lines.Finance Being the worlds largest producer and trafficker of sodium bicarbonate-based products, Church Dwight Co. Inc was able to maintain a steady growth in both sales and earnings. For the past 30 years, the average company sales have increased by 10-15% annually (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The companys domestic markets have proven successful because of the companys pristine balance sheet (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). in 2009, Church Dwights performance worldwide has achieved an increase in sales of 4 percent organic sales increased 5 percent, gross profit tolerance increased 44 percent while global marketing expenses only increased 20 percent and the Net Cash Flow grew to a record level of $401 million even more significant to indueors is the root of earnings per share grew 23% and dividends on investments increased by 35 percent (Craigie, 2010, p. 1). ) . In contrast to the growing profits and expenses, the company also jettisoned noncore assets for the first time, including five domestic and international consumer product brands acquired during the 2008 Del Laboratories transaction (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). The semipermanent business model is based on annual organic growth of 3-4%, gross marginal expansion, tight management of overhead cost and operating(a) margin improvement of 60-70 basis points resulting in sustained earning growth of 10-12% excluding acquisition. They have added a $1 billion in sales for the past 5 years while step-down the total head count by 5% (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). the CEO remains focused on building a portfolio of strong brands with sustainable competitive advantages and the farseeing-term objective is to maintain the companys steer record of delivering outstanding TSR (Total Shareholder Return) relative to that of the SP 500 (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2).Administration (Human Resources) The accompanys leadership at the top has remained a stable hallmark of the company. The Boards of directors are structures into trine classes with four directors in each class serving staggered period of collar year term (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). the former CEO, Mr. James R. Cragie, stated We have added $1 billion in sales in the past five years, a 72% increase, while reducing out total headcount by 5%, resulting in higher revenue per employee than all of our major competitors (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). Because of its continuous exposure to would-be suitors the company has entered into an employee severance agreement with key officials. It provides remuneration up to 2 times the individuals highest salary and bonus plus benefits for two years. As the company widens its coverage into the consumer products in early 2000s, the changes in its key personnel was noticeable by injected a pool of executives with wide range of experience in marketing and in ternational background from known organizations such as Spalding Sports Worldwide, Johnsons Johnsons, FMC and Carter-Wallace (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-3). Technological advancements allow for increased productivity in mixed aspects of manufacturing and labor allowing for greater productivity without the added expense of additional manpower. The following is the companys published Ethical Standards The reputation and integrity of Church Dwight Co., Inc. are valuable collective assets, vital to the Companys success. Each Company employee, including each of the Companys officers and general managers and each Company director, is responsible for conducting the Companys business in a manner that demonstrates a commission to the highest standards of integrity. Specifically, we encourage among Company personnel a culture of honesty, accountability and unwashed respect. Additionally, we provide guidance to help Company personnel recognize and deal with ethical issues. Finally, we have provided mechanisms for Company personnel to report unethical conduct. fraudulent or unethical conduct or conduct that is illegal will constitute a violation of these Standards and are grounds for disciplinary action (Church Dwight Co. Inc, 2010).SWOTSTRENGTHS The Church Dwight Corporation has several strengths, the company controlled the primary raw materials used in its production of Sodium Bicarbonate through its companys mines in southwest Wyoming, production was completed in company owned plants regain in Green River, Wyoming and Old Fort, Ohio and they manufactured almost two-thirds of the sodium bicarbonate sold in United States (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-9). The sodium bicarbonate product line has proven itself for over 160 years with uses in baking, cleaning, and deodorizing, and as an added agent for things like drain openers and neutralizing agents.WEAKNESSES A potential weakness within the company is the overextension of branding into many other product lines. Until 1970, it produced and sold only two consumer products ARM HAMMER Baking Soda and a laundry product marketed under the name Super Washing Soda. The company enjoyed success domestically, but in the international arena where growth was more products driven and less marking sensitive, the company was less experienced (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6 35-7). Other weaknesses are the lack of name recognition from consumers, the capability in entranceway the international market due to being hindered by the cost of transporting the product, and the cost is four times of its domestic transportation cost.Opportunities There is a wide range of opportunities for Church Dwight Co. Inc. when it come to their sodium bicarbonate products as it continues to explore new use. Church Dwight gained recognition when it was utilized successfully for the delicate task stripping the key fruit and tar from the interior of Statue of Liberty without damaging the fragile copper splutter (Whe elen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-10). Future expansion in acquisitions and assets may prove more discriminatory as potential consumer products become even more attractive to increase the profitability as the manufacturing base is expanded around the globe.THREATS The primary threat to Church Dwight is competition. Competitors have an even greater market share and larger marketing campaigns to remain leaders in their respective niche. There are also threats of buy-outs or hostile takeovers of Church Dwight but because of the company entering into an employee severance agreement with key officials (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-3)it has kept this issue away from them.7.) Products or services Church Dwight consists of several acquisitions that cater to almost 95% of all US Households. These products are based on differences in the nature of their uses and create into three reportable segments Consumer Domestic, Consumer International and Specialty Products (SPD) (Craigie, 2010, p. 2). The company currently produces 80 different product lines, in which (8) major brands make up a total of 80 percent of its business (Craigie, 2010, p. 1), including ARM HAMMER, Trojan, Oxiclean, Spinbrush, First Response, Nair, Orajel, and Xtra lede Deep Value Laundry Detergent (Craigie, 2010, p. 1). Church Dwight has a apprehensive marketing team focused solely on new product development which leads cross-functional efforts. In partnership withRD colleagues, uses both internal and external resources to identify, design and market new productsaccounted for over $400 million, or over 15 percent in total sales, in 2009 (Church Dwight Co. Inc, 2010). The products ranges from dentifrice, chemical agent to absorb or neutralize odors and acidity, a kidney dialysis element, a blast media, an environmentally friendly cleaning agent, a swimming pool pH stabilizer, and pollution control agent (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The company is also focused on goals to develop place produ cts with new and distinctive features, increased convenience and value, and engaging outside contractors for inquiry and development activities (Church Dwight Co. Inc, 2010).B. PROBLEM DEFINITIONThe problem presented in this case psychoanalyse was that Church Dwight needed to rationalize its expanded consumer products, while presenting a reconciled operating profit and increasing market shares of the household product industry. capableness marketing problems arose when companys own products were placed along with its well-known brand name and confused consumers. The companys corporate objectives were (1) to maintain a steady growth by staying focus on long term goals (2) to provide opera hat result to shareholders (3) to continue pursuit new uses of its core products (4) to maintain and keep cost under control (5) to enter the international market and continually seeking for opportunity for growth.In order for Church Dwight to retain its position, it must continue to provid e outstanding customer service, excellence in product quality, invest in cutting edge technology, and develop new uses for its primary product line.every market has its saturation point where products matures after trying its jacket because of this point the company must be ready to adapt to a continuous cycle of change. Church Dwight enjoy a considerably large loyal customer base, competing with Proctor Gamble and other industry giants and to get customers to switch competitors is no easy task. The company should explore ways of upward(a) the life of the consumers while maintaining and protecting the environment, new products and competitors will always emerge and there are limitless opportunities for growth in international market.III. entailmentALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS Brand recognition for ARM HAMMER brand products has already been established within the domestic markets of the United States, but international markets continue to be a challenge due to cultural differences i n market populations, marketing strategies, and language barriers that require new brand names to be more suitable for local languages/cultures. Church Dwight have been very trenchant in using its acquisitions to generate greater revenue but with the high cost of transporting its finished goods internationally, intense competition, and higher commodities costs it might be financially sound to entering into an agreement with an established international company. other alternative could be to develop joint-business ventures with suppliers, manufacturers, distributers, and retailers. The benefit to this option would be to contour production and sales and allow the ease of marketing products and services to its affiliates and partners.RECOMMENDATIONS AND evidence The best solution for this company is to be able to retain the best products while satisfying competitive pressures. The following recommendation and solution of reducing expenditures and continuing the company policy of continued growth through new product development and market expansion with hopes of reducing costs. The continuous seeking of new use sodium bicarbonate will still be very effective for this company in years to come that is why the focus on this should never be lost for Expanding into new markets with major competitors jockeying for shelf space and retailers seeking to rationalize their breadth of product offerings, more changes may be considered (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-12). Church Dwight should develop new product lines both in domestic markets and globally as those markets are offering a much bigger area to be explored. In conclusion the crowning(prenominal) goal of achieving huge revenue while maintaining cost of operation as low as possible has been always part of Church and Dwight Co. Inc. For them to reach where they are now in spite of unpopular name is sincerely yours a testimony of greatness that a company can achieve. This company, sanction with 160 years of mar keting and production experience will have a much clear brighter path of success as long as they continue to focus on their long term goals.

International Relations Essays Global Culture

International Relations Essays Global CultureWhat is meant by a world(a) flori finish and how and why do transnational corporations contactk to raise much(prenominal) a floriculture?A orbiculate culture can be seen in cardinal of two ways. One suggests that todays communication theory and technologies deliver a more open spread of culture near the world citizenry in far corners of the globe ar equal to be aw be of and share each others culture. It is a view that sees globular culture as chiefly positive something that encourages transmutation and a motley of culture and has enabled people around the world to overcome national boundaries to wed common causes. The more common perception of global culture is that of a Western, predominantly American culture gradually imposing itself around the world, a great deal to the detriment of long established local cultures. For analysts opposed to globalization this shell of global culture is slowly killing diversity and devastating traditional ways of life. Scholte suggests that this viewpoint is thatGlobalisation introduces a single world culture centred on consumerism, mass media, Americana and the English language (p23 Scholte 2000). It is this type of global culture in special(a) that transnational companies are linked to and are generally happy to promote.Transnational companies pitch become economic super posts as globalisation has spread and the development of a global culture is seen to benefit them economically. sure enough the potential wealth that the transnationals can offer to indigenous populations can interest precedence over the upholding of local tradition and culture. The basic human liking to accumulate wealth can often override heathenish, ethnic and spiritual factors when transnational companies set their sights on economic refinement in a particular area.A global culture involves the spread of habitual heathen icons around the globe, often diluting and overriding lo cal cultures with the threat that the vast ethnical diversity that the world offers will one day be underwater beneath a dull uniformity. Advances in technology and communications bedevil helped propagate ethnic globalisation. Digital communication, satellite television set and the Internet are methods of communication that can overcome any national boundaries or administration control as Held and McGrew writeMany national controls over randomness have become ineffective. People everywhere are exposed to the set of other cultures as never before (p17, Held and McGrew 2003).Deregulation of media experienceership along with technological advances combined in the latter decades of the twentieth century to allow the largest media companies to establish networks in umpteen countries. This media influence gives companies the opportunity to promote their profess cultural preferences and it is notable that the global media is dominated by the same octonary transnational media com panies that dominate the US media General Electric, ATT Media, Disney, Time Warner, Sony, News Corporation, Viacom Seagram and Bertelsmann (p261 Held and McGrew 2003). These companies crisply seek to become global players the US market is largely demonstrable and the global markets provide better opportunities for expansion and getting ahead of the contention Time Warner predict that non-US sales will yield the major(ip)ity of their revenue within the next decade.With the global expansion of US media companies comes the global expansion of US culture. The personnel of Hollywood is one of the prime examples of cultural globalisation with an American agenda. A seemingly endless line of films promoting an American cultural and political agenda emanate from Hollywood and have driven free lance film making in many regions either out of product line or underground. Some countries such(prenominal) as Norway, Mexico and entropy Africa have seen politics subsidies try to support d omestic film production companies, whilst the success of the Indian Bollywood film industry is one of few examples of cinema audiences resisting the spread of a global culture. The economic benefits to the transnationals can be huge. Cable and digital television channels across the globe are owned by the major transnational companies and are hugely important parts of their revenue streams. major Hollywood studios were expecting revenue from global TV rights to their film libraries to have exceeded $11 billion by the end of 2002 (p261 Held and McGrew 2003).The marketing power of the transnational companies covers that the values, brands and culture of the US are spread globally. Some of the largest brands generate money that outstrips many national economies Coca Colas brand for example was estimates by a brand consultancy to be worth $68.9 billion. (p119 Legrain 2002) The continuing expansion of such brands through the development of a global culture is something certain to eman ation the profits of the transnationals. Writers on globalisation such as Naomi Klein in particular link brands to global culture and the influence of the transnationals. She writesPower, for a brand-driven company, is not reach by collecting assets per se, but by projecting ones brand idea onto as many surfaces of the culture as affirmable (New Statesman 24 Jan 2000). This view of those opposed to globalisations suggests that propelling popular cultural icons into established cultures and forcing homogenous culture to take a back behind to Western culture is very much the aim of transnational companies. Certainly, the marginalization and dilution of local cultures through the efforts of Western media and brand marketing is a concern. Lloyd Fernando writes ominouslyThe world is truly eclectic and simultaneous these days and Marshal Macluhans deterministic vision of us all being plugged into one vast electrical organism like domestic animals at a a trough is far too close for us to trick at (P111 Mittelman and Othman 2001).The spread of the English language is another aspect of a global culture that transnational companies promote. In addition to Western films, music and media being promoted across the globe in an attempt to dominate popular culture, the ability to speak English is becoming seen as practically a necessity to get on in many of the worlds poorer nation financial and economic institutions worldwide are adopting English and it is progressively difficult to operate in the worlds markets without the language. Mandal statesGlobalizers actively promote English as a purely functional and even sluggish language that is synonymous with economic growth, technological advancement and modernity as a whole (p120 Mittelman and Othman 2001) and it is clear that non-governmental organisations such as the IMF and World coast largely support the transnational companies in their promotion of English as a global language. Much of their analysis of the econ omic crisis in in the south East Asia in the 1990s suggests that the countries in the region that recovered trounce were those that had made the most progress in introducing the English language into the culture. across the globe, governments are accepting this aspect of global culture in South Korea large scale English villages are being developed for locals to duck themselves into the language, whilst the Mongolian government, in a country landlocked by Russia and chinaware has announced long term plans to make English its primary min language.One of the greatest fears of those opposed to cultural globalisation is that it offers English language and western culture as something to aspire to whilst abandoning traditional culture. Hirst and Thompson write that subject cultures that aim to be dominant over the individual that belong to them are increasingly projects of resistance to and retreat from the world (p266 Hirst and Thompson 2000) in effect, people and cultures that do not embrace the Western led global culture are seen as conservative, suspicious and most probably less likely to see investment from transnational companies.Globalisation is not going to go away, neither are the huge transnational companies. Some see the growth of a global culture and the wealth and opportunity that these huge organisations can drive as something for which diversity of culture can be sacrificed. They also argue, correctly, that people wherever they live do have a choice. Whatever the power of western marketing, if people across the globe choose to maintain their own culture and reject global or western culture, they have the power to do so. Others anticipate to argue that cultural globalisation in itself promotes diversity and a respect for other cultures. Those opposed to globalisation remain powerfully opposed to the spread of the stereotypical McDonalds and Coke culture that personifies Western and especially American culture. For transnational companies, p rofits are the bottom line and recurrent expansion across the globe is one of the best ways to ensure that they continue to make a profit. Transnational companies, rightly or wrongly, have little concern for the protection of local culture if a global culture will ensure that more of their products are sold, they will continue to promote it.BibliographyJan Aart Scholte, Globalization A Critical Introduction, Macmillan Press Limited, London 2002Philippe Legrain, apply World The Truth About Globalisation, Abacus, Great Britain, 2002Robert McChesney, The New Global Media in Held and McGrew The Global Transformations Reader, Polity Press, Cambridge 2002Naomi Klein, Tyranny of the Brands, article New Statesman, 24 January 2000 pack H Mittelman and Norani Othman, Capturing Globalisation, Routledge, London 2001Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question, Polity Press, Cambridge 2000Christopher Cook, man Dignity Needs Protection, article at www.populist.com/00.2.cook.htm l

Value Engineering Management Executive Summery Construction Essay

prise engineer concern Executive Summery grammatical pull Essay protect charge is structured and ashesatic process of police squad ground end making and professional team may hold to the shop by decisiveness making as per the current situation, set apart or issue.VE is a speculated bell swan techniques performed by an independent mathematical group of experienced professionals. The technique involves an intensive, systematic and imaginative make to edit apostrophize while enhancing reliability and performance.Most of investors enthusiastic to have best determine for their investment by implementing comfort guidance/ design process, through mannersspan cycle of the interprets.As a result of unst fitted world economy and political conditions, Al Maya occupant Complex puke (Including with 25 no stories and car approximate range in triplet story basement) lymph node was otiose to find necessary funds compulsory for the project. in that respectfore the w oo of body structure should reduce as much as achievable.Hence it is necessary to turn tail taboo a grade engineering plumpshop to find disclose possible ways to reduce the hail of construction by maintaining the inevitable level of feel, performance and functional requirement.ACKNOWLEDGMENTINTRODUCTION repute caution is well established methodology which can use for maximizing the value for money. grade management strategies can apply at any pegleg of the vitality cycle (project from inception to the demolition) of a project. By applying value management strategies since the conception set up of a project, the knob will be able to achieve a better value for his investment (money) by providing compulsory level of quality, performance and only necessary functions. The client can melt out Value management / engineering work shops while construction is ongoing also by considering market conditions, economy conditions, political conditions, environmental conditions etc to seek better value for money by finding ersatz methods, do revisions as necessary etc.MAIN BODY backchatWhat Is the Value applied science/ Value Management?Concept of Value steeringWhen study about concept of VE, Lawrence Miles who is the founder of VE in 1940s a purchase engineer with theGeneral Electric Company(G. E. C). Miles observed that many of the alternates were providing equal or better performance at a dispirit hail and from this changed the first definition of value engineering, as per the article of WBDG national Institute of Building Sciences by Scott Cullen (12-15-2010).Value Management ProcessValue Management is structured and systematic process of team based decision making and professional team may involve to the workshop by decision making as per the current situation, condition or issue.There are few points in decision making such asInformation phase.Objective phase.Functional analysis phase.Creativity phase.Evaluation phase. knowledge phase.Reporting and recommendation phase.What Is the different of VE and VM?VE Consider from a tactical fleck of view, VM consider from the strategic point of view. In simple terms VM palm WHY? And VE deli re ally HOW?What Is the Value engineering?The Value Engineering for sewer water Treatment whole caboodle of USA- EPA, noned in it, VE is a speculated cost control techniques performed by an independent group of experienced professionals. The technique involves an intensive, systematic and creative study to reduce cost while enhancing reliability and performance.Why Is it employ?To establish the best number secondarys for molds.To reduce unnecessary cost on the Projects.To mend quality, increase reliability and availability, and customer satisfaction.To improve schedule.To reduce risk.To pose problems and develop recommended solutions.Generally value engineering process can be apply at any point/ phase in a project,However, usually if use in early stage of the project life cycle, will have sufficient benefits on investment.There are trio main stages of VEs application, those are describing as below.Planning PhasePlanning stage is pre-study preparation phase of VE there are redundant benefits to be resulted from a Value Engineering elaborateshop. Therefore independent team can beReview the program.Perform a functional analysis of the facility.Obtain the possessor/users definition of value.Define the primeval criteria and objectives for the project.Verify/validate the proposed program.Review keep peck architectural plan utility options, Offer secondary solutions.Verify if the budget is adequate. re psycheate showing the potential pitchs from VE applicationsGraph 1.1 VE applicationThis graph shows genuinely clear VE benefits of VE application furthermore. (Extracted from Value Engineering for Wastewater Treatment Works of USA- EPA)VE Workshop PhaseThis is the most authoritative phase of the VE process, generally address as VE workshop, required at leas t one workshop, typically 40- mo workshop session. As well as, client and designer whom they are limit the location as convenient of them.The first pure tone is prepare of order of business includingIntroduction,Briefing of value engineering,Presentation of Project design by project designer,Outline of the project Constrains,Question by VE team members for the designer,Methodology and glide pathThere are particular identify five-step during the actual Workshop of occupation plan of the VE study, as prescribed by article of Value Engineering by Scott Cullen in WDBG program.Information PhaseThe Value management facilitator gives brief explanation to all thespians about the value management process, project and study objectives roles and rules of the exercise. Information about the project objectives, critical issues and constraints identified at the strategic Diagnosis meeting, etc. guessing (Creative) Phase ingathering of creativity conceits from distributively team member and analyze them to identify which idea is expensey, which one should improve to use, which one non worthy or additional study required to evaluate, etc.Judgment (Evaluation) PhaseBy evaluating all creativity ideas with cost benefits etc the decision making team will take the final decision about each idea / device to incorporate to the final report. increment Phase (Value Management Proposals)In this phase VE team prepare alternative designs with capital and life cycle cost comparison of original design and proposed alternative. And all recommendation supplements with written descriptions, sketches, basic technical information and cost summaries.Presentation Phase (Report/Oral Presentation)In this phase VE team present the summery of it s finding to the owner and designers, explaining the basic ideas of alternatives.Post Work shop phaseThe Value management Facilitator prepares and presents a report for key stake holders of the project which includes sum-up of each phase, decisi ons make and actions to be taken, alternative methods and materials etc. which provide a complete audit trail. Then client and designers will consider the VE recommendations.Value Engineering Workshop Report of Al Maya Residential Complex ProjectIntroductionThis Dubai base multi story residential Complex project guest is a one of the re delegateed experienced person in the plait industry. According to the requirement of the client, he anticipate to reduce the unnecessary cost in the project if available, without touching or upset to the original quality, value of the project that planned at the began.This workshop was held in client office and all expenditure bared by client as own budget. Hence Value management and value engineering workshops are conducted according to the future(a) principlesThe workshop is held to reduce the cost of the project. wholly participants are stakeholder of the project.All participants take part and are able to put forward ideas and suggestions.The s tudy was facilitated by Mr. Susan Ali and Mr. Smith De Silva of Sullivan of PMP Pty Ltd in accord with the requirements of AS/NZS 41831994 (Value Management).Project detailsType of the projectAl Maya Resident Complex including with 25 no stories and car park in three story basement.ParticipantsClient Mr./Ms Al Suwahdi MohomadCivil Engineer (Contractor) ASCON mental synthesis LLCProject Manager- ALEC Project Management LLCArchitect- Design Group LLCMEP Designer- ASCON Construction LLC bill Surveyor- TEAMS Consultant LLC recourse Manger- ASCON Construction LLCValue Engineer team up- PMP Value Management LLC perspective of the ProjectZone 452/5, Block No.115, Emirate garden, Al Kahweenj, DubaiDuration of Construction24 Months (18 Months remaining for Construction)Agreed Cost of the ContractAED 30.5 million hold sumCurrent Issue decline of Unnecessary construction cost of the Proposed Resident Complex project through without touching or disturb the required level of quality, func tions and value due to lack of allocated finance.Agenda of Value Engineering WorkshopProject Al Maya Resident Complex including with 25 nos stories and car park in three story basement.Subject Reduction of Unnecessary construction cost of the Project due to lack of allocated finance.Location On 12th Nov. 2012 at the Park Building, Dubai. One day bunsNo.EventsPersonFromTo1.IntroductionClients representative9.00 am9.15am2.Briefing of VEVE Team leader9.15 am9.45am3.Presentation of the Project detailsDesigners9.45am10.15am4.Tea differentiate10.15am10.30am5.Outline the Project constrainProject Manager10.30am11.00am6.Questions by Value MangerVE member11.00am12.00pm7.Lunch12.00pm12.30pm8.Information PhaseVE member12.30pm1.30pm9.Speculation PhaseVE member1.30pm2.00pm10.Judgment PhaseAll Individual members (VE members)2.00pm3.00pm11. increment PhaseVE member3.00pm3.30pm12.Tea Time3.30pm3.45pm13.Presentation Phase3.45pm4.30pmThe VE workshopThis Value Engineering Workshop occurred according to the five-stage of job plan that recommended by New Zealand standard (AS/NZS 4183 1994). The aim of this value Engineering workshop lie of identifying unnecessary cost, developing alternatives, enabling decisions to be made without touching or disturbing the required level of quality, functions and value.Information phaseParticularly in this phase of the workshop, client shared relevant information with workshop members, in the first place objective of the workshop to ready all participant for ask questions, overthrow to develop ideas and suggestions and challenge ideas already on the table. The ideas are creation to set up innovative alternatives and ideas that may lead to better value outcomes for the project.All participant were presented they ideas asking question at this stage therefore this very importationant stage of the VE workshop for clearly make understand of the objective further.Client AgentHe explained the project background and objectives for all participant s clearly, and his expectation get of workshop finally as unnecessary cost reduction of the project without touching or disturbing the project original scope.Civil EngineerHe explained the existing situation of construction and agreed with both(prenominal) aims minded(p) by VE team. Such as local made hearty fittings and accessories, fence in floor tiles, etc. due all make under UK standardsProject ManagerHe explained possibility of mange for all ideasArchitectHe very much concerned about change of tile and local made sanitary items, eventually, he satisfy and explain those are under like quality of original design.MEP DesignerHe explained the possibility of change of liberation system inside the all room without harm to the original quality and value.Quantity SurveyorHe explained cost effective for all participant ideas,Safety MangerHe explained concerning the safety side for all new ideas, potential incident in future as well as some changes by recommended.Value Engineer TeamThey explained the their proposalsSpeculative phaseThis step of the VE workshop concerned developing creative ideas, the VE team trace all possible methods of providing the required functions within the project at a lower cost to the owner, many of the ideas were generated during the function analysis by detraining the worth of Collecting of creativity ideas from each team member and analyze them to identify which idea is worthy, which one should improve to use, which one not worthy or additional study required to evaluate, etc.Hence, all ideas given by the Value engineering team are as follows, and also the Quantity Surveyor provided possible cost save by each idea.NSpecified work items in ContractProposed IdeasCommentsOriginalCostProposed CostPotentialsavings1.Important sanitary fittings and bath room accessories UK made as specified.topically made Similar quality instead of import from UKCost saving, not effect to the quality.AED 4.2 millionAED 3.1 millionAED 0.9 million2.9 cement abashs for national walls.4 cement block for internal walls.Cost saving and not change the quality.AED 8.5 millionAED 6.1 millionAED 1.5 million3.100 Lux public Incandescent Lights bulbs for all rooms and out sides100 Lux energiser bulbs instead of specified Incandescent Lights bulbs.Cost saving but the change will effect to the appearanceAED 11.0millionAED 8.0millionAED 1.0million4. contrive in-suit cover floor and guard wall of auto park.Precast concrete for car park floor slab and guard walls.Cost saving feasible time.AED 5.5 millionAED 5.5 million5.Electrical control board boards and accessories units import from UK.Electrical panel boards and accessory units should import from china instead of UK made.Cost saving and tycoon not high standard with compare of UK made.AED 10.0 millionAED 10.0 million6.9 march thick internal block wall as specified.For all 9 inch brick internal wall should be changed to 4 inch block walls.Cost saving,AED15.0 millionAED15 millionA ll participants were noted down the ideas but not judge them at this stage. Later in the workshop all participants would be given the prospect to judge all proposals for worth and assess whether can be implemented to archive the aim of the VE workshop, because at the Judgment Phase each of the ideas was evaluated for worth.JUDGEMENT somaIn this phase the whole group judged the speculative ideas for merit the purpose being to identify ideas that are likely to reduce cost of the project.EvaluationThe following table lists the ideas submitted by participants and they were evaluated in accordance with the following rating systemEach Idea has rated by each participant as how it is effecting to the time, cost and quality of the project. Then it is possible to put rates at the opportunity column according to the given points by professionals. Then the Value Engineering Coordinator can select which proposal should develop, which proposal should reject and also which proposal can directly push for the action, etc.Company PMP Value Management LLC.Project Al Maya Residential Complex Project,( 25 storey and Car park in basement)Held on 05-10-2012 Table of Impact of VE workshop SummaryNoDescriptionImpactOpp.ActionRemarksTCQ1. locally made Similar quality instead of import from France made sanitary fittings accessories.5545ACost saving2.4 cement block for internal walls.5455ACost saving3.100 Lux energizer bulbs instead of specified Incandescent Lights bulbs.5334REffect to Appearance4.Precast concrete for car park floor slab and guard walls.5555DTo be identify possible areas5.Electrical panel boards and accessory units should import from china instead of UK made.3544ACost saving but should order again6.For all 9 inch brick internal wall should be changed to 4 inch block walls.3555ACost saving but design to be done backCode of valuationOpp = Opportunity,Impact= T Time, C Cost, Q QualityRating of Impact = 1 Possible/Low, 5-Very Possible/HighAction=A (Accept), D (De velop), R (Reject)This identified ideas with the potential of cost saving or improvements to the project shall be identified for further development under development phase.DEVELOPMENT PHASEIn this phase participants have the opportunity to make specific recommendations and proposals based on outcomes of the earlier phases. Workshop outcomes and a specific action plan are also produced pending the post workshop report.EVALUATION OF THE intentionThe proposal was supported by participants because it Support to local traders, Improves efficiency of igniter system, Provides safety of workmanship during the construction, Provides an alternative energy savings, and environmental safe.Issues that detract from the proposalIt requires more evaluation for life cycle cost of maintain menstruation and functioning, as well as it does not include infrastructures work review. cobblers last/ RECOMMENDATIONValue Management strategies can apply for any stage of any project. It is very much use fu ll to apply Value Engineering/ Management strategies since the connectional stage of a project. Also these strategies can be applying to any project till the demolition phase its, thus for the life cycle of the project. Any client can have a broad value for his investments by applying Value management/ engineering strategies for his/ her investment. It is super recommended to select out the proposals which proposed by the vale management team and also it is highly recommended to carry out further value management workshops to find out further more possible ways to reduction the construction cost.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Education System of Pakistan Analysis

Education System of Pakistan Analysis every last(predicate) through and through human history, the source of success had been the control of natural resources land, gold and oil. Suddenly, the accent mark has shifted to knowledge and raising in the modern contemporary world. The worlds wealthiest man, Bill Gates, owns cipher tangible no land, no gold or oil, no factories, no armies. For the first time in human history the worlds wealthiest man owns exclusively knowledge, which has become the new basis for wealth. Progress and prosperity of a farming, both(prenominal) spiritual and material, thus roundly depend, more than ever earlier on the kind of facts of life it provides to its people. Indeed, statement is one of the most male monarchful instruments of permute in achieving field of study goals by producing young minds imbued with the knowledge, attitude, skills and competencies to shape the future pile of a nation.Contrary to the ch whollyenge of this emerging com mandment revolution, forbidden of Pakistans agree population of 140 million, around 80 million atomic piddle 18 illite browse.1The topic literacy rate is 45 per centum with male literacy at 57 percent and female at 33, a gross enrolment at radical take of 87 percent (of whom 50 percent drop start before grade 5), 17.5 percent gross enrolment at alternate coil level and 4.5 percent at tertiary level?2Despite 53 years of our independence we have non been able to tailor the precept constitution in conformity with our religious, ideo reproducible, socio- economic holds and the imperatives of the modern world. The stroke could be attrisolelyed to any proceeds of causes moreover the fact re main(prenominal)s that quantitatively, our literacy rate is poorest plane among ripening countries of the world, qualitatively our certificates and degrees carry little weight in the inter interior(a) institutes and thither cool off exists an imbalance in our requirements to tail or an model bringing up establishment.We have stepped into the 21st century, which su cuss requires a definite limited review of our education dodge. We ought to learn from our genuinely s first supercharge rate in the past and must take steps to meet the ch whollyenges of the future lest we argon left butt joint.HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF encyclopedism IN THE SUB-CONTINENTTeaching the offsprings has forever been the natural instinct of all animals. It differed from fiat to society and man to man. The Sub-continent remained in darkness so far as community education was concern till the establishment of Vedic conditions that than it saw turbulence in this field which very few regions have seen. This part will in brief cover the different microscope stages of the turbulence in the sub-continent.Before British dominateVedic Schools of Brahmins. The earliest informs in the country now known as Pakistan were the Vedic schools for the readying of Brahim priests. Somet imes before 500 B.C these schools began to enrol nonpriestly caste pupils and to develop as true community schools in every village. They were mostly composed of 12 to 20 students, and their sole teacher was the village priest who was regarded as a customary official nominate through rent-free land or a sh be in the harvest. The manakines were normally held in the open down the stairs shady trees.Buddhist Monks. A parallel educational establishment was sponsored by the Buddhists to sterilize their adherents for a life of meditation as a monk. The Buddhist schools, although located in monasteries, were open to all. Y issueh intending to watch a monastic life were trained until the age of 20, period those who cute a secular c arr left at the age of 12. Islamic Madrassahs. The Muslim invaders introduced the third educational system, and it flourished particularly in the northern beas of the subcontinent. Schools were primarily attached to the Mosques, and the political p latform consisted of the Quran and little else. While the Muslim rulers checked altogether Islamic schools, Hindus and Buddhists retained their traditional education. Muslim male pincerren (females were excluded from all forms of public education) began their study in maktab, where they received arguments from the imam (worship attractor of a mosque) in the rudiments of the Arabic language. The older students continued their studies in the madrasahs, where they were taught Arabic and Persian, rhetoric, grammar, logic, geometry, algebra, astronomy, natural philosophy, medicine, theology and poetry. Children of the wealthy, especially the girls, were often tutored sequesteredly in their homes. The madrassahs declined in twist and standards with the decline of the Mughal Empire and rise of British power in the 18th and 19th centuries3During the British RuleThe British System. The system of education followed in colonial India was introduced by the British primarily for good tur n come to the fore clerks and subordinates necessary for carrying on the administrative affairs of the country in English under the British masters in the colonial set-up. The system of education designed by Lord Macaulay in his own wrangle was aimed at forming a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, however English in taste, opinions, morals and intellect.4By the end of the 19th century, Muslims were encourage to opt for the British system of education, which opened the door to economic and accessible advancement. However the consensus of the opinion was that since the existing system was designed by the transfer rulers to serve their own imperialistic ends it can hardly be pass judgment to deliver the goods.5Muslim Institutes. In reaction to the British system, Sir Syed Ahmad khan introduced a new English education system which, in character was Indian- Muslim. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded Anglo-Muhammadan College, now known as Aligarh Muslim University in 1875, and he endlessly believed that Western education was compatible with Islam. Simultaneously, the orthodox Muslims introduced institutions like Deoband, Nadwat-ul-ulema Lucknow etc, thus self-aggrandizing rise to a sharp note between the traditionalists and the modernists, a distinction that continues to this day.At / After PartitionThe inherited System. The present system of education in Pakistan is the heritage of the Pre Partitioned British India. However, since independence some policies, plans and reports have been theorise for improving the literacy rate in the country. The important documents in this regard are listed as annex A.Education Policy 1998 to 2010. The insurance incorporates a large number of new steps to resuscitate the education system. According to this polity 45,000 new primary schools and 20,000 mosque schools are to be set up before 2003. 75,000 more basic education institutions were to be established under old Minister Literacy Commission. 45,000 primary schools are to be upgraded to middle level and 30,000 to lowly level. The policy pose special emphasis on vocational and skillful education. Private sector has likewise been encouraged to set up schools, colleges and universities. This is an thought-provoking policy aimed at achieving 70% literacy by year 2010. Its other main features are attached as annex B6All the policies and plans as mentioned above envisaged various objectives at different levels notwithstanding the spirit of the objectives, remained the similar as it continues to stressThe ideological basis of education.National Unity.Development.Growth of the Society. sparing Progress.Equalisation of educational opportunity.Social e fiber.Quality of education.j. Education to be point to the world of work.Quality of education to be maintained at all levels with global standard.Propagation of scientific, technological and research aptitude.To promote functional literacy among out of school children.To bring about cultu ral concordance and genial viscidness through education.To bring about the countrys spiritual and culture in harmony with the contemporary world.The overall sketch of the objectives of all-educational policies and plans clearly indicates the story of Education in Pakistan as the story of high promises, rhetorical emphasis on progress but sadly, little real achievement7.ANALYSIS OF OUR PRESENT EDUCATION SYSTEMThough the education system has attracted a considerable attention, it is unmanageable to ascertain any deterioration in its quality as healthy as quantity. on that point has been manifold increase in the number of educational institutions. The government is spending much more than it was in the past but the results are still not satisfactory. The parents blame the teachers, teachers the students and students, in turn, shift the wide-cut responsibility to the system and society. To ascertain the erosion of education standards, it is important to contemplate the education system as followsBasic Ingredients.Major Weaknesses. set up of brisk Education System.Basic IngredientsThe educational pyramid consists of three distinct stages Elementary, collateral/Higher unoriginal and Higher Education.8a. Elementary Education. Designed from 5 to 12 years of age to impart universal literacy and explore hidden natural endowment among the students from class I to 8. Elementary education employs regional languages as forte of instruction. Rural areas confront low enrolment, weak turnout, weak infrastructure and wanting(predicate) facilities, whereas urban institutions are overcrowded and located in unhealthy environment. This crucial stage of a childs learning is overloaded with stereotypical donnish curriculum essentially aiming at providing primary inputs for high education. The syllabus provides no opportunity for arts, crafts and pre-vocational exposures.Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Secondary and Higher Secondary stage is an implicit in (p) part of the growth package for an exclusive towards his intellectual, research and headmaster excellence, coincides with adolescence stage (a delicate and sensitive phase of human development) which requires calculated guidance with logical reasoning. The existing curriculum at this stage is again information oriented, preponderantly bookish and theoretical in nature, which does not develop a child as to the demands of either the society or work place. The students thus insufficiency exposure to practical and creative work. Soon after their petty(a) schooling, many of them begin to search for a clerical type of job. At present, 60-80% of students in secondary classes are enrolled in arts subjects, which leads through an aimless oecumenic education that has very little acceptance in our agro-based controlled economy. Thus, a copy of supply rather than demand-orientation in terms of instructions at secondary and high secondary levels is further accentuating the dropouts eit her before or during this censorious learning period.Higher Education. This commences at the age where the element of coercion fades aside and students are motivated enough to pursue serious studies and possess abilities for pedantic/intellectual growth. There are basically stages of scholarly activities at high education. These are B.A, M.A and the M.Phil. /Ph.D. The first one introduces the field of specialisation, the second the mastery of aforementioned(prenominal) field and the third carries students into new advanced fields through unaffiliated study and original research work. Under the present educational environment, higher education is producing academics instead of practitioners as there is virtually no thought or avenue for the use of higher learning of certain subjects in our society. Since thinking process and creation of knowledge remains quite curb without proper experience and experiments and therefore, higher education without practice cannot be very use ful.Some relevant educational statistics/targets as envisaged in the educational policy of 1998-2010 are attached as annexes C, D, E and FMAJOR WEAKNESSES pretermit of Quality Education. The most important problem being faced by our educational system is that of quality education. The major factor being crowd in the classes i.e. 80 students or more are handled together in a small room. The belief staff is withal unable to stick out individual attention to their students this naturally leads to indiscipline and deterioration of standards in the class.9 naive Teachers. Unfortunately non-availability of qualified and properly trained teachers also retarded the elaboration of literacy rate by adversary affecting the establishment of new educational institution as well as the quality of education in existing institutions. In a nation wide study in Pakistan in 1995, teachers with less than Matric level education could not outcome 30% of questions based on grade quadruple textbooks.1 0Large repress of Dropouts. Socio-economic factor is a major reason for a large number of dropouts of students even before completing their primary/middle standards. frugal pressures thrust a student to assist the family to increase family income at the expanse of his education. different contributing factors in this regard are 11A dislike for school subjects.Unsatisfactory student-teacher relationship.A history of school failures.Non appointment in school activities. womanly Education. Literacy rate of female in Pakistan is half of that of males. Primary reasons for this areMale dominance, cultural biases, and ages old tribal traditions.Girls are often inevitable to help with household work of the family.Lack of conveniently located schools and take apart schools for girls.Non availability of female teachers. In Pakistan female teachers at primary level are 25% of total teachers.Inflexible hours of schooling and irrelevant curricula.Non troth of Community. Nationalisation o f schools in the 1970s, without adequate community participation in the running of schools, had led to a major deterioration in the quality of education.Non elaborateness of Private Sector. Insufficient government facilities do not cater for requirements of the country. In agrestic areas, where literacy rate is at the lowest, no worth while participation of the private sector exists.Illdiversification of Courses. It is imperative that a wide choice of subjects be do available to the students at the beginning of 9th class to suit their individual needs, aptitude and temperaments. It is unfortunate that most of our education is of a general and academic nature. Therefore there is an intellectual drought. The general academic nature, no doubt, helps in broadening the vision and creating a general consciousness of the happenings around us, but it is seldom of any use in carrying out the practical affairs of life successfully in the complex society of today.Allocation of Funds. UNESC O has recommended that 4% of the G.N.P, is a reasonable amount to be spent by the developing countries on education, whereas Pakistan presently is spending about 2.2% of G.N.P on education. Infact Pakistan is the only country in South Asia, where expenditure on education, as a section of G.N.P, has fallen since 1990.12Evaluation System. Prevalent psychometric render system is marred by a number of evils. Tests are based on end of circle certification rather than periodic tests. Dangerous trend of cheating and consumption has also crept in the system.Language. Our education system suffers from a precarious sputter between education in English and Urdu. Presently, there are devil standards of education each basing on one language.Other FactorsOut of scarce amount spent on education, a huge portion is bony through corrupt and inefficient system. According to a survey by Army Rs 1.5 billion per year were embezzled in head of teachers salaries.1352% of teachers in Pakistan use p hysical punishment.Curriculum of primary education is not in line with our objectives and national aspirations.Textbooks are sub standard and chiefly are not in conformity with the specifications/standards set by the curriculum bureau.14Political unrest and unhealthy political activities amongst students adversely affect education. Its however limited to beyond primary and secondary levels.School timings for the year do not take into mark agriculture cycles, which limits attention in country-bred areas.15Narrow research base in the universities.h. Non-employability of educated young.j. Ineffective voice of media.k. Education not being used at all for fond change.l. Learning less in substance and more in volume.Effects of Existing Education SystemLack of National Aspirations. The development of education is confronted with just about all problems that can be found anywhere in the world. A long detailed description of objectives and aspirations of all educational policies since 1947-98 magnifies the confusion as it has always been set in the absence of definite National Goals.Waste of sudor. The present education system does not prepare a student for the challenges of the life rather it only prepares him for examination. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time huge amount is spent on sending individuals foreign for higher studies and research but the country does not have required means and infrastructure to benefit from their higher standards on their return, thus the higher qualification become a mere status symbol with no advantage to the country and no satisfaction to the individuals academic aspirations.Loss of contractable Trade. Most of our students come from the working class. The present system of education detaches them from their heritable trade/business and imparts them a general education though at times it may be very sophisticated education. These youth are ultimately a loss to their trades, to their parents, to the society and to themselve s as well. The present system of education is systematically producing a large number of unemployed, frustrated and deject youth.16Unemployment. Education policies in the past make an effort to give an industrial bias to education. Hence a number of polytechnics and commercial colleges were opened passim the country. The result is that now we have a daring situation of unemployment among technically qualified. Moreover trade and industry field in the country is still not sufficiently developed to absorb these trained people.Bad Governess. well-favored higher education to those not possessing the intelligence and aptitude is a national waste. The present system of education in Pakistan is producing so many unemployable graduates of such indifferent quality that they are often not even good clerks and assistants. It is not the number of persons graduating that asses the efficacy of an education system but the quality of such graduates. When the incapable graduates grow in abundance and the society has no system other than the degree to determine merit, the incompetent are bound to infiltrate all walks of life and reasonable positions and threaten the very survival of the socio-economic institutions. The proliferation of facilities for higher education without appropriate merit criteria is, therefore, counterproductive.Waste of Female Strength. Women who constitute 52 % of the countrys population have literacy rate of only 26%. The dropout ratio for women during and after primary schooling is about 80%. The main reason behind it is that girls are not considered as an economic asset to the family hence their education remains a neglected aspect in our society.Production of Disgruntled Youth. According to education policy 1972-80, the existing system of education is one of the root cause of the general dropout in our education system. At present there are internal examination from class first to seventh, under which students are failed or passed on the basis of yearly test. There is no test of observing or recording the carrying into action of the student throughout the year. As a result the passing or failing of a students in the annual examination becomes a military issue of the pupils stock. The high percentage of failures not only leads to heavy dropouts but also brings to life feeling of frustration and inferiority in the student. This is not only a national wastage but adds to our society a large number of handicapped people,17which ultimately produces disgruntled youth.Controversial Medium of Instruction. Notwithstanding the science of Urdu as a national language in the constitution, education policy on the sensitive of instruction is always based on compromises. The phenomenon of different languages being used in various regions as medium of instruction and even within a region has created a confused state. In these circumstances development of textbooks in indigenous languages has not been carried out in a systematic and c o-ordinated manner. This apart, a student remains exposed to learning three/four languages. From this ensues limited linguistic ability which restricts the students horizon and forces them to rely on memorising and learning by rote.18The students mug up few topics that they necessitate in examination if the question paper include those topics, the examinees are cheerful and if the expected questions are not asked, they protest violently and leave the examination hall.Lack of Pride in the Teaching Profession. Qualified and motivated youth in the teaching profession is essential to ensure a quality education. The best graduates join either engineering or medicine while the rest look for other outlets before joining as a teacher. Low pay grades, poor social status, meagre benefits and a missing career-ladder in teaching profession does not attract the best students. Presently, teaching is a difficult job with low salary, no status and ever-growing public criticism. These are making it difficult for the teacher to work with pride and dedication. feeler Towards BettermentSTRENGTHHaving completedd the analysis, it is felt that there are basically five major fields in the education system, which needs virtually attention to put the things at their right place. The recommendations are being do in these fields one by one which are- scotch Reforms.geomorphologic Organisations.Qualitative Improvements.Socio-Political, Ethical and Cultural Development.National EmergencyEconomic ReformsUser Charges. There is a strong justification to gradually rag fee structure for secondary and higher level education. However, on social consideration the raise should be steeper for higher level than secondary level. Those poor outstanding students, who suffice for higher studies, should be provided a obdurate stipend.Induction of Local Bodies and Private Sector in Education. Education is basically the responsibility of provincial government, but at the same time it is also a nat ional concern and in certain major areas, closing ought to be taken at national level. There is a need to regard education as a federal-provincial partnership. Education planning has to be decommutationised to the district level and still down to union council level. Moreover, there is a need to incorporate private sector particularly the NGOs and support them in a massive way through financial support to enable them to undertake literacy programmes on a much larger scale. change magnitude Budgetary Allocations. The government must allocate minimum 4% of G.N.P, to education as recommended by UNESCO. Additional resources be diverted from the budget to education by effecting some economy in defence /Non developmental expenditure.Structural OrganisationPrimary and Adult Education. Primary and adult education should form the bulwark of our education structure and should receive highest allocation. Emphasis should be laid on properly equipping the existing schools before establishing n ew ceremonial schools or informal and community schools. However, the existing and new schools should take into account the socio-economic environment of areas in the matter of educational cycle and timings of schools. If this is not taken into account, high dropout rates and phenomena of ghost schools will continue.Secondary Education. Secondary schools are of two types, general and vocational/polytechnic. These schools should be unified and converted into complete stage of education with curricula of compulsory subjects and a few elective subjects for preparing the students for a definite vocational career.Tertiary Education. The colleges and the universities, both general and professional, have outgrown in number. The need is to consolidate and improve these seats of higher learning than expanding them. This utility and consolidation should be brought about bya. Admitting the students purely on merit after subjecting them to aptitude tests so as to determine whether they really qualify for specialised studies.b. Making the colleges and universities autonomous and research oriented.c. Throwing out politics and professional students from the campuses.d. Bestowing on Professors and Teachers the same social status as is enjoyed by them in advanced countries.Medium of Instructions. The issue of medium of instruction has continued to be skirted due to its sensitivity. The issue should be tackled rationally and boldly as underAt primary level the national language as nemine contradicente agreed to by the representatives of the people and enshrined in the Constitution, should be introduced as the medium of instruction.At the secondary level also, the national language should be made the medium of instruction. English should be taught as compulsory subject and its curricula should be completely revised to encourage communicative and cognitive skills in this language.c. At tertiary level, English should be the medium of instructions. The possibility of introductio n of national language can be reviewed later.Qualitative ImprovementsTeachers Education. The output of qualified teachers has lagged behind the expansion in the schools. Therefore, the number of teachers training institution should be increase and unqualified teachers should be compulsorily trained in these institutions. Those who do not qualify should not be retained. At the same time, the terms of attend to of teachers should be improved to make profession of education attractive.Teachers Supervision and functioning Assessment. With the expansion in the educational network, supervision and assessment of teachers has received a serious setback. This lack of supervision and support has resulted in large-scale absenteeism and low morale among teachers. Hence, in order to improve supervision and carry out on-the-spot support to teachers (model teaching, in service training etc) existing training and inspection system should be strengthened.Incentives. Suitable annual awards should b e instituted for the worthy work in the field of literacy at national, provincial and local level. It has been discover that government schoolteachers take up alternative employment while their attendance is recorded regularly by junior teachers attending the classes. In the rural areas the situation is much worse.Number of Students in a Class. To prevent overcrowding, the number of students in a class should be restricted to thirty-five or less.Physical Facilities including Instructional Material. The educational institutions are deficient in four areas, namely buildings and furniture, laboratories and equipment, textbooks and sports. These facilities are to be made available without any delay.Curriculum. Curricula in educational institutions are not only overcrowded but also out of pace with advancement of knowledge. Therefore, a major effort should be made to revise curricula at primary, secondary, college and university levels in order to make it meaningful and antiphonary to the needs of the society. Moreover it should be same for both the government and private schools throughout the country.Textbooks. Our textbooks are of poor quality lacking content, method of presentation, impression and set-up. At the same time, they are cost productive. These textbooks have also a strong flavour of foreignness which, to a large extent, owes to syllabus as also to scarcity of writers who can compose textbooks without relying heavily on plagiarism. Therefore, a massive reform of textbooks should be undertaken.Examination System. The examinations test the students for rote memory and largely exclude conceptual and cognitive tests. The system should be ameliorate with emphasis on internal assessment and its linkage with curriculum development process. There is also a need for the standardisation of the examination system. All examination papers should be prepared by one central authority, through one curriculum both for private and government schools. Effort should a lso be made to make evaluation system foolproof. There is also a need to take suitable measures to eliminate test papers and notes other than prescribed curr