Macroevolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroevolution - Essay Example It focuses mainly on the changes which occur above the levels of species (Levinton, 67). In contrast with the micro evolution, it refers to the evolution changes within a species population. The process of specification fall within the purview depending on the forces thought to drive it. Comparative genomics, developmental and paleontology, contribute most of the evidence for patterns and the process which can be classified as macroevolution. Annelida is commonly known as segmented worms which are found in the deepest marine sediments and the city park yards. During the 20th century, Annelida was divided into three main subgroups oligochaeta, polychaeta and Hirudinea (Levinton, 88). Leeches and earthworms are similar to annelids for most people. The polychaeta comprise extent of the divergence of the Annelida and is found near the marine habitat. There are even pelagic polychaeta, which swims, preying on the other plankton and few groups exist in fresh water and the moist environment s. Around nine thousand species of polychaeta are recognized, and the overall systematics groups remain unstable. The oligochaeta and Hirudinea comprise of several other species form a clade which can be referred either clitellata or oligochaeta. It is possible the group may well belong to polychaeta; this makes polychaeta similar with Annelida. There is evidence supporting that all annelids have recently been groped as a single group. The common system used to divide polychaeta was Errantia; his was essentially a system to convenience with no aim of characterize evolutionary relationships. Recent analyses of the Annelida and other groups have resulted into new classification of polychaeta. The group split into two groups palpate and Scolecida. Scolecida contains species less than 1000; these worms are all couch form to another. Palpate have the majority of polychaeta and is also divided into aciculate and canalipalpata. Aciculate are approximately half the polychaeta species and la rgely aggress the old taxonomic group Para podia. Arthropods have taken over almost all the environment on the surface of the earth. Pieces supporting the evidence run that more species of the arthropods are multi celled animals, but that is only true for the expound species and more hobbyists are added to that list for insects. The phylum arthropod is divided in two subphyla, which are named according to their mouthparts but have several differences. The chelicerae’s, named for mouthparts derived from the appearance of the legs and the chelicerae, they do not have antennae found in the subphylum. The chelicerates have six pairs of appendages. One pair of chelicerae is followed by a pair of pedipalps, legs which are adapted with other purposes rather than walking. The horse crab is an old group which has five pairs of legs and no pedipalps; it resembles a shield with two eyes and a tail. They live in sandy zones; have been existing for a long time looking much similar as they are today. The evolutionary theory, they suggest that creatures are suited to an environment which has remained stable for a long time which would change. When exposed to direct radiation chemicals, which mutate animals DNA, changed molecules. The process of mesmerisation is known in drosophila. The metameric pattern can be extended to arthropods and other related animals. The known diversity of metameric process should evolutionary interprets the relationship between their developmental and morphological features. We view the aspects of drosophila development which involve Para segmentation and compartmentalization patterns. The regularities are compared with what is known as phenomena in other crustaceans, onyochophorans and millipedes. The Annelida segments and hypothetical soft bodied which cannot be

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing - Assignment Example Alternatively, the implementation plan must fit in the expected standard that takes care of smooth technological integration, institutional organizational compatibility, transition management, flexibility, knowledge, and software solution. Assessing the status of the application of the EMR at Betsy Johnson Regional Hospital for its relevance in terms of learning outcomes, there are several missing items for a standard model. On one hand, the time used to put together the EMR design is just six months which could implicate the rest of the system implementation. On the other hand, internal expertise was entirely applied in the completion which poses questions on the competitiveness of the final product. It could have taken a better direction if an assessment was conducted to reveal cost benefit analysis position interrogating outsourcing alternatives. In this respect, only EMR software is reported to have involved a vendor from outside the hospital, with unclear role and connection o the set team. Internal design issues however may have prompted the use of internal resources and expertise to the advantage of the institution. Relevance and completeness can therefore be assessed on the generation of resources and competen ce applied amid successes elsewhere in the generation of the best possible product. Apparently, the most talked about constraint in any information system such as EMR involves financial inadequacy by the implementing institution. Once the funding obstacle is overcome at some level however, the most potent challenge is usually the integration into the existing system as well as the acceptability with which the human resource adopts the new system (Blumenthal and Glaser, 2007). At Betsy Johnson Regional Hospital, the system challenge of implementation and possible resistance of the sudden change is not highlighted. Whereas approval or rejection may not necessarily be a measure of

What is the best way to address obesity in the United States Essay

What is the best way to address obesity in the United States - Essay Example If we look at 'obesity' etiologically, we would come to know that it is a multifactor issue caused by poor diet and physical inactivity. Poor diet refers to poor dietary habits include intake of junk food or high calorie fast food and excessive sugar in our diet. Instead of using fresh food, fruits and vegetables in our everyday diet, we prefer preserved or frozen food followed by no exercise or physical activity at all. One of the most common reasons for rapid increase in obesity among U.S population is the increased interaction of people between built in environment followed by technology and social context. "The built in environment encompasses the entire range of structural and social elements that make up the fabric of a community: housing, roads and walkways, stairways, density, transportation networks, shops, markets, parks, public amenities, and public spaces. The structural features of the urban built environment its enormous size, its large and densely clustered population, its social institutions, its psychosocial stressors, its economy, its rapid pace, its violence, the configuration of its streets, parks, schools, and play spaces all affect health, growth, and development of individuals". (Frieden et al, 2003, p. 684) The rising trend in obesity is further followed by the convenience, which is driven by modern technology like the concept of walking is becoming vague by the passage of time; people like to use any mode of transportation in order to travel even minute distances. In this kind of technologically savvy society, modes of entertainment have changed. Gone are those days when parties and social gatherings were considered to be entertaining. Today, entertainment comes through watching television, playing video games and sitting for hours in front of computer. Hence our lives are driven by a sedentary lifestyle escorted by technological advancements. While coming back to 'foods' it is found that often people in United States feel insecure when food is concerned. The diet of food insecure people tends to be less healthy. One reason for the intake of frozen foods is that "canned fruits and vegetables, which tend to have more salt and sugar, are much less expensive than fresh fruits. Leaner cuts of meat tend to cost more. However, according to Dr. Walter C. Willet, "A calorie is a calorie is a calorie." (Willet, 2001, p.44) Theoretically, no matter how unhealthy a person's diet, that person can only gain weight from fat by using fewer calories than he or she takes in. The quality of diet would only affect susceptibility to disease and health problems". (Obesity1) In my opinion there are two reasons for very little choices in food, one leads to the economic infrastructure of United States in which healthy and nutritious foods are often more expensive than junk or fast foods, also they are easily available and accessible by all the classes. The second reason for no choice in food other than fast food is the lack of time. More than half of the population of United States believes in "time is money", whether it is middle-middle or middle-upper class, every individual has to work in order to achieve a better living. It seems there is a social race in which every individual wants his car to move faster and faster, due to which they have no time to prepare and enjoy their family life and so

Cultural Reflection Paper. African American culture Term Paper

Cultural Reflection . African American culture - Term Paper Example He believes that the biasness of the people around him is uncalled for as he has to face quite a lot of problems at the hands of the other American citizens. Socio-economically speaking, the Black American is not having a good time at having links with the people who live within the country. He is usually stereotyped for all the wrong reasons (Day, 1998). He is often seen as someone who might be involved in a crime that happens within the country. It does not matter if this Black American is a male or a female. The fact that he is Black American would lead to a typecast of sorts and thus disrupt his behavior within the American society (Carson, 2010). The Black American is therefore being distinguished and differentiated on a number of facets like language, religion, occupation, gender and just about any other factor. His cultural ramifications are such that he is unable to come to terms with the other Americans for obvious reasons.

Assessing the impact of e-HRM in the delivery of HR services

Assessing the impact of e-HRM in the delivery of HR services Human resource management has become one of the key concepts in assessing the competitive assets of many organizations. Today, with the implementation of new and upgraded HR technologies, organizations are managing human capital in a more sophisticated way. Consequently, the refined IT solutions are designed to administer a wide variety of human resource data which allow organizations to shift from the traditional ways of delivering HRM services to new web-based HR services to both managers and employees through the self-service HR portals. Accordingly, the digital possibilities have created opportunities for HR functions to develop more strategic role. And for this purpose, the HR professionals have to develop new competencies to carry out the new roles and responsibilities. 2.2 Technology as an HR-enabler Strohmeier (2007) defines e-HRM as the (planning, implementation and) application of information technology for both networking and supporting at least two individuals or collective actors in their shared performing of HR activities. The author further explains his definition of the e-HRM concept which utilizes information technology in a twofold manner. As a primary aspect technology is necessary to connect usually spatially segregated actors and enable interactions between them irrespective of their working in the same room or on different continents. Secondly, technology supports actors by substituting for them in executing HR activities. Therefore, technology serves additionally as a tool for task fulfillment. Moreover, the planning aspect highlights the systematic and probable way of applying information technology. The use of information technology points out that the sharing of HR activities is an additional feature that underlines the aspect of interaction and networking. Consequently, technological change is a key driver for HR transformation, providing the foundation to support HRs growing strategic focus, which in turn contributes to business results. Many authors have coined the e-HRM concept with virtual HR (M), HR intranet, web-based HR, computer-based human resource management systems (CHRIS), and HR portals. Yet, Ruel et al. (2004) notes that there is a fundamental difference between HRIS and e-HR in that basically HRIS are directed towards the HR department itself and the users of these systems are mainly HR staff. While, with e- HRM the target group is not the HR staff only but people outside the Hr department: the employees and management where HRM services are being offered through an intranet for use by employees. Marler (2009, cited Ruel et al. 2004) posited that the aim of implementing the e-HRM system is to improve the HR functions ability to reduce costs, support strategic orientation, and to provide client services to management and employees. 2.3 E-HRM: Challenges in the New Era There are four main challenges that organizations are facing while putting into practice the concept of electronic human resource management; globalization, technology, talent retention and development and change management. Globalization According to Razi (2006), globalization has resulted in significant implications for HR functions as they attempt to develop global HR strategies and design programs and processes to manage a global workforce. The human resources function now faces pressures to globalize by adopting service delivery models that better rationalize costs, leverage common technology and processes, and focus resources on global HR processes that can create competitive differentiation for the enterprise (Piercy and Vernon, 2008). Technology Wright and Dyer (2000) stated the technology challenge reflects how the most traditional businesses also become knowledge based in the e-environment. Ulrich (1997) found that technology has become a challenge for managers and the HR professionals as they are responsible to make technology viable and productive part of the work setting. Talent Retention and Development Purcell and Wright (2007) argued that with the increase realization that human capital is one of the key resources for sustainable competitive advantage, attention is focused on the management of knowledge workers. They further added that knowledge-based organizations seek to differentiate themselves by offering unique services and thus develop organization-specific skills. While, on the other hand, knowledge workers wish to develop transferable skills that will make them attractive to prospective employers. Therefore, this calls for management practitioners of knowledge-based firms to both retain and develop their knowledge workers. Change Management According to the CIPD research 2010, the organizational change is increasing, yet the high levels of failure indicate that effective management of these changes is still lacking. And such a gap indicates that there is much to learn about managing change more effectively. There is no single model of change and no single way out to effective management, but HR professionals need to ensure that managing change is a core part of their role since many employees might resist to the changes. 2.4 Outcomes of e-HRM Literature suggests that the various goals of e-HRM and the different types of e-HRM are expected to result in outcomes including more efficient HRM processes, a higher level of service delivery and a better strategic contribution (Sanayei and Mirzaei, 2008). Moreover, the e-HRM approach helps to achieve organizational goals. Ruel et al. (2004 cited Beer et al. 1984) discerns four possibilities: High commitment, High competence, Cost effectiveness, and Higher congruence. 2.5 Types of e-HRM Many authors found that IT has influenced HR in three significant ways which has given rise to the three types of e-HRM:- Operational e-HRM concerns the use of technology within HR focuses on improving the operational efficiency. Operational e-HRM provides free access to employees to keep their own personal data up-to-date through an HR website (Ruel et al., 2004). Relational e-HRM concerns more advanced HRM activities. It is where IT allows enhancing HR relationships externally with other parties within the organizations itself. Transformational e-HRM concerns more strategic HRM activities. It becomes possible for organizations to create a change-ready workforce through an integrated set of web-based tools that enables the workforce to develop in line with the companys strategic choices (Ruel et al., 2004). 2.6 Transition of Traditional HR to e-HRM Early in the twenty first century, as posited by Ulrich (1997), HR was viewed as antithetical to change, with HR systems providing impediments to, not impetus for, change. He also put forward that the emerging responsibility currently rests with external consultants, with many firms delegating the responsibility for driving change to external consulting firms. However, in organizations today, there is constant talk of downsizing, outsourcing, and redesigning how an organization operates to ensure it remains competitive and efficient, and is able to make the most of economies of scale and scope (Farndale et al., 2009). Walker (2001) and Knapp (2004) note that the transformation of HR requires analysis and identification of opportunities for improvement in the following areas, including: the people in HR and their competencies; implementing a new service delivery model; redesigning or automating work processes; restructuring the HR organization; redefining HR talent requirements; and implementing HR technology support. Walker (2001) further added that a transformed HR truly adds value to the organization. The e-HRM, therefore, provides organizations with great opportunities to re-think the way HR management is undertaken in organizations. 2.7 Conditions for e-HRM implementation 2.7.1. Alignment of web-based HR with business strategy. According to Raj (2007), the growing importance of human resources for organizational success has led to an increasing interest in making HR management a more integral, strategy-driven activity in the organization. Furthermore, the alignment of strategies and HR action is expected to be reached through competence and learning. The APQC (2005) posited that an HR organization must understand the business and have core HR processes in place to support the corporate strategy. To become more strategic, HRM strategy need to be in alignment with the business goals and also to avoid any inconsistency between HRM policy goals and that of the business. 2.7.2. Technology support for HR transformation Marler (2009) founded that developing an e-HRM system that creates or sustains competitive advantage, requires investments in information technology resources and specialized human capital that can integrate IT and human resource knowledge and experience. Furthermore, with the emergence of the Enterprise Resource Planning System that seamlessly integrates various business modules within the information architecture of any business enterprise, Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) has become a crucial focus for management professionals (Kavanagh and Thite, 2008). Martin and Reddington (2009) put forward that the technology should take into account the e-HR goals, that is whether the architecture draws on operational technologies and operational skills demand of HR, relational technologies and HR skills and transformational technologies and HR skills in areas such as sophisticated search technologies, human capital management systems, e-learning and knowledge management platforms, virtual meetings software, etc. 2.7.3. Knowledge management and innovation In todays complex organizations, competitive advantage for business depends on the ways in which employees create and share knowledge in ways in that increase the bottom-line. The challenge of knowledge management therefore is to ensure that employees also benefit from developing and sharing knowledge (Holbeche, 2009). Knowledge-sharing should be encouraged in the organization. Knowledge management also helps to measure an organizations ability for implementing the new strategy. Knowledge management should be embedded in the corporate strategy. 2.7.4. Training and development To meet the organizational change requirements, training and development of employees is of utmost importance. As Knapp (2004) argued, changes to the HR function require changes to HR staff and skills which make HR talent management a key transformation priority. On the other hand, Walker (2001) stated that effective staff training is one of the critical factors that affect the quality of service delivery within a service center. Moreover, Yeung (1996) suggested that to sustain the transformation of human resource functions, HR professionals must be trained to be able to develop and demonstrate a new set of competencies to fulfill their changing roles and responsibilities. Likewise, employees should be trained to make use of the complex technology, improving their communication skills and develop problem-solving capabilities. 2.7.5. Employee behavior towards new e-HRM system Employees are the most important element in an organization and employee behavior and attitude are of particular relevance in bringing change in an organization. Employees might not accept the introduction of the new technologies in their workplace or even ready to make use of it. The HR function can make use of the Technology Acceptance Model or the Trust in Information System to determine the employee acceptance level of the new system. Therefore, HR should influence employees positive attitude towards the new system, employees should be convinced that this system would increase their performance as well as the organizational performance. 2.7.7 Work Redesign It refers to the use of modern technology to radically redesign business processes to gain efficiencies. HR must lead a redesign of the workplace so that work environments foster and encourage sociability, and help organizations tap into employees tacit knowledge to unleash creativity and innovation (Willmott, 2003). The process of redesigning the workplace provides more flexibility and choice to individuals. 2.8 Transformation Team An HR transformation team is formed with a clear mission for promoting the HR transformation. According to Ulrich, et al. (2009), the CHRO forms the HR transformation team with the support of the senior leaders of the organization. This team includes the HR leaders and professionals, representatives from line management, the customers and investors and also the consultants. HR Leaders and Professionals 2.8.1 Chief Human Resource Officer (CHRO) The CHRO sets the direction and tone for the organization. The CHRO also needs to sponsor the HR transformation. Ulrich et al. (2009a) states that the CHRO should initiate, take the lead in the design, and monitor the transformation plan. Porter-OGrady (2008) also found that the CHRO plays a critical role in developing new position descriptions, advising and supporting leaders in their new roles, and ensuring the different processes are adapted to the new model of governance. 2.8.2 HR Leadership Team Ulrich et al. (2009a) posits that leadership team consists of the heads of several departments. They are the HR leaders for businesses, the heads of the centers of excellence and the shared service HR leader. Their collective support is very critical in the transformation. 2.8.3 HR for HR These are the champions of the HR transformation who provide HR services for HR professionals. They need to have a strong reputation among HR professionals who look to them for guidance and among business leaders whose support may depend on their credibility. They are responsible for facilitating discussions of how to organize the HR department so that the center of expertise and embedded HR professionals collaborate to deliver value (Ulrich. et al., 2009a). 2.8.4 HR Professionals The HR professionals play a critical role in the HR transformation. The CHRO and champion of the transformation need to build the business case for the transformation, clearly define the deliverables, and create a blueprint for changing the HR departments and practices for this particular group. Moreover, the HR professionals also need to receive rigorous and regular feedback on how they are doing relative to the roles and competencies required of them (Ulrich et al., 2009). 2.8.5 Line Managers The line managers has the responsibility to provide a clear business focus for the transformation, to ensure that the transformation team has access to both internal and external information, to ensure that the right people are engaged in the process and to require clear and measurable results from the transformation (Ulrich et al., 2009a). 2.8.6 Customers and Investors In the HR transformation process, the HR practices should be aligned with the customer satisfaction. Ulrich et al., (2009), suggested that the customers can be directly or indirectly involved in the transformation since they can provide a deep insight of the organizational and leadership capabilities that they expect from the company. Moreover, the HR departments must align their practices with the requirements of the investment community. The HR transformation team invites key investors into their planning. In this way, the HR team communicates to the investors that their values are being inculcated into the companys institutional infrastructure (Ulrich et al., 2009). 2.8.7 Consultants and Advisors (Ulrich et al., 2009) put forward that the external consultants often add value to an organization by bringing experiences from other companies, by previewing and averting common challenges and by being independent contributors to the HR transformation process. However, success depends on the choice of the right consultant since they are involved in the right way and at the right time. 2.9 Redesign the HR department 2.9.1 Embedded HR professionals Dave Ulrich created the Ulrich model in 1997 to provide a broader insight of the roles of HR professionals should deliver: As strategic partner HR professionals align Hr practices with business strategies. As administrative expert, they deliver HR practices with efficiency. As employee champion, they help employees to generate commitment, develop competence and discover contribution. As change agent, they help on delivering an increased organizational capability and capacity for change. According to the author, the model was conceptualized to support the HR domain. However, as business conditions are constantly changing, the role of HR also has evolved. Figure 2: Evolved HR roles Ulrich et al. (2009) explained the new roles as follows: HR professionals are employee advocates, charged with making sure the employer-employee relationship is one of reciprocal value. Besides advocating for employees today, they build the future workforce as human capital developers. HR professionals are also functional experts, designing and delivering HR practices that ensure individual ability and create organization capability. As strategic partners, they help line managers at all levels reach their goals. HR professionals bring business, change, consulting, and learning know-how to their partnership with line managers, so that together they create value. And to tie it all together, they must be genuine leaders credible both to their own functions and to those outside. When these five roles are played within the HR department, HR professionals have more impact. HR Professionals Competency skills Ulrich et al, (2009) recommend that companies should focus on HR competencies since; they integrate the roles and activities of the HR professionals. Ulrich and Brockbank (2007) posited that HR competencies are not just knowledge but the ability to use the knowledge. Figure 3: HR Competencies Source: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/hrcs/executive_summary Ulrich and Brockbank (2007) proposed the above model suggesting that HR professionals must master competencies dealing both with people and business (large arrows). Following one of these two paths independent of the other, leads to failure.  Ã‚  Within these two dimensions, Ulrich and Brockbank (2007) arrayed six domains of HR competence, dealing with relationships, processes, and capabilities. Credible Activist.   The HR professional is both credible and active.   Some have called this HR with an attitude.   Ulrich et al, (2009) added that as credible activists, HR professionals create sustainable business outcomes as they link the people and business dimensions with energy, insight, sensitivity and impact.   Culture and Change Steward.   Ulrich et al, (2009) mentioned the HR profession appreciates, articulates, and helps shape a companys culture.  They continued with the fact that this culture starts with clarity around external customer expectations and then these expectations are transformed into internal employee and organization behaviors.   As being the stewards of culture, HR professionals respect the past culture and help to shape a new culture.   In addition, successful HR professionals facilitate changes by helping make culture happen and  by developing disciplines to make changes happen throughout the organization.   Talent Manager / Organizational Designer.   Ulrich et al, (2009) posited that the HR professionals master theory, research, and practice in both talent management and organization design.   Talent management focuses on competency requirements and the flow of people in the organization.   Ulrich et al, (2009) further pointed out that the organization design focuses on how a company embeds capability into the structure, processes, and policies that shape how an organization works.  Organization and talent work together since without a supporting organization, good talent would not be sustained and also an organization will not deliver good results without talented individuals. Strategy Architect. The HR professional has a vision for how the organization can win in the future and plays an active part in the establishment of the overall strategy to deliver on this vision.   This means recognizing business trends and their impact on the business, forecasting potential obstacles to success, and facilitating the process of gaining strategic clarity.   The strategic HR role focuses on aligning HR strategies and practices with business strategy. In playing this role, the HR professional works to be a strategic partner, helping to ensure the success of business strategies. By fulfilling this role, HR professionals increase the capacity of a business to execute its strategies. (Ulrich, 1997) Operational Executor.   According to Ulrich et al, (2009), the HR professional executes the operational aspects of managing people and organizations.   Policies need to be drafted, adapted, and implemented.   Employees also have many administrative needs (such as, to be paid, relocated, hired, and trained).   HR professionals must ensure that these basic needs are efficiently dealt with through technology, shared services, and/or outsourcing.   This operational work of HR ensures credibility if executed flawlessly and grounded in the consistent application of policies (HRCS Executive Summary, 2007). Business Ally.   Businesses succeed by setting goals and objectives that respond to external opportunity and threats.   That is the HR professionals should have complete knowledge about the business, in other words they contribute to the success of the business by knowing the social context or setting in which their business operates. Finally, they have a good understanding of the parts of the business (finance, marketing, research and development, engineering), what they must accomplish, and how they work together, so that they can help the business organize to make money (HRCS Executive Summary, 2007). 2.9.2 Shared Service Centers According to Hunter (2005), the shared service center is fundamental to the delivery of the role of HR as administrative expert. He further explained that it provides the focused administrative excellence that drives financial efficiency and HR credibility through the quality of its output, getting the basics right, every time. The SSC also enables the consolidation of similar HR administration activities from multiple business units. By consolidating processes, the SSC is able to control transactional administrative activities better, drive out costs and create a platform for investment in new technologies. Literature describes that the shared service centers allows employees and managers to manage much of their HR administrative work which is known as the self-service. The approach of employee self-service helps employees to update their own transactional records (which may be associated with their personal details or with a process). Self-service also provides a means for employees to have access to data to resolve their own queries (online policies or HR process description). The management self-service, on the other hand, gives managers the freedom to move beyond traditional day-to-day administration and concentrate on improving the performance of employees. It provides management with tools needed to efficiently perform routine employee administration, as well as the information required to help employees improve their performance and enhance their skills. It also minimizes unnecessary human resource involvement in manager-employee interactions while increasing organizational produ ctivity. 2.9.3 Center of Excellence Hunter (2005) stated that the HR business partners need the support of the deep technical knowledge of the business that has traditionally resided in HR. The Centers of excellence is separate entity which offers businesses specialist skills and knowledge in particular areas like compensation, benefits and employee relations. The centers of excellence, also called as the centers of expertise, bring together technical experts in each HR area who would otherwise be distributed throughout a firms business unit, allowing ideas to be quickly developed and shared. The centers of expertise often focus on transformation-based services or HR activities that help implement strategy, create a new culture, or accomplish business goals (Ulrich, 1997). Moreover, Hunter and Saunders (2005) postulated that the culture and tacit knowledge about how people management activities should be defined and introduced are supposed to be lost as the HR teams get closer to the business and move away from HR and the Center of Excellence provides a means to address this issue and indeed creates a more favorable situation that the old model allowed. Ulrich et al (2009) postulates that the center of expertise HR professionals plays several important roles in an HR transformation: They create service menus which are aligned with the capabilities driving business strategy. They identify needs and recommend services most important to the situation. They collaborate with embedded HR professionals in selecting and executing the right services. They create menu offerings if the current ones are insufficient. They manage the menu. They shepherd the learning community within the organization. 2.10 Barriers to implement e-HRM In a recent survey, HROA (2009) found the following as the most prominent hurdles to HR transformation: Lack of staff expertise Many companies might fail to provide the right training to employees and this causes an obstacle in the change management process. Therefore, HR professionals must make sure that employees possess the right skills for the new working system. Internal bureaucracy More often, organizations use the bureaucratic style of leadership, where all decisions are made at high levels of management. However, it is not always right to use the bureaucratic management style, since employees will not be encouraged to work and as a result their performance level might be low. Lack of adequate technology Another type of barrier is the lack of adequate technology. Organizations which do not have adequate technology support for the transformation. The right technology must be available for successful change management. Underestimation of the resources needed While thinking for a change, organizations must plan to have the required resources because lack of resources will end up as a barrier. Planning should be done in terms of human resources, financial support, technological support, etc. Lack of employee and business buy-in Employees should be completely involved in the transformation process. Change initiatives should be incorporated in the organizations mission. When employees buy into the mission, they become a force for driving the mission. In case, there is lack of employee and business buy in, this can cause a barrier to transformation. Lack of senior management support A lot of projects might fail if senior management does not provide their full support. They might not support the decision of implementing new working system or even providing funds for projects. Lack of support might be because management does not have all the facts regarding the need. Resistance to change Resistance to change might take several forms, such as employees might refuse to make use of new system, or even refuse to cooperate with the change. 2.11 Conclusion In close, human resource management has shifted from the traditional ways of doing HR to the use of new human resource information system which has made the work easier. The paradigm shift requires a transformation team who leads the transformation process in order to redesign the HR department and to make the transformation; several areas need to be considered. However, the transformation process fails due to some existing barriers. The figure below concludes the above literature. Figure 4: Conclusion

Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Co Irradiations and I Decays

Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Co Irradiations and I Decays Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Microdosimetry Problem statement Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging use unsealed radionuclides for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. In targeted radiotherapy, the aim is to address tumor cells using suitable radiopharmaceuticals and achieve a high dose deposition inside the target structures. â€Å"Macrodosimetry† generally entails estimating the dose effect in organs (or dimensions of at least some millimeters) and is outlined in detail by the Medical Internal Dose (MIRD) Committee, the U.S. Society of Nuclear Medicine and the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) [1]. Microdosimetry therefore entails estimating the dose absorbed in microscopic objects such as cells. Dose deposition in cells can originate from extracellular media, intracellular uptake in a single cell and from surrounding cells. As an alternative to characteristic photon emissions,radionuclides decaying by electron capture or internal conversionmay undergo a process known as the Auger effect. In the Auger effect, an electron from an outer shell fills the lower electron vacancy, but the energy released in the process is transferred to another orbital electron. This electron is then emitted from the atom instead of a characteristic X-ray [2]. The emitted electron is called an Auger electron,with ranges in tissue typically at the micro- or nanometer level [3].Their unique property of depositing significant amounts of energy in minute volumes around the decay site opens up the possibility of using them as microscopic probes to study fundamental questions regarding the interaction of radiation with cells. 123I is used mainly in nuclear medicine because of its ideal ÃŽ ³-ray energy (159 keV) and relatively short half-life (13.2 h). The decay of 123I is, however, also associated with the production of Auger electrons. These low energy particles (4]. Knowledge of the absorbed dose is required for evaluation of the observed biological effects and to predict or compare the effectiveness of different radiation modalities. However, direct dose measurements in cells are impossible due to the small cellular dimensions [5]. According to the stochastic character of all of the decay processes, a large number of pathways exist by means of which a radioactive particle can decay and the excited atom can de-excite, i.e. each initial inner shell vacancy may cause a different number of Auger electrons to be emitted resulting in a more or less broad distribution of differently charged ions. Because these electron transitions and particle interactions are random processes, the Monte Carlo technique is an appropriate tool for the simulation of Auger emissions and electron spectra, as well as a feasible method to obtain correct absorbed dose values under consideration of all irradiation aspects like geometry and activity distributions [5],[6], [7]. Bingham et al. found that the dose delivered to the cell nucleus is underestimated by a factor of 7.4 for 123I in cells with nuclear radius of 4 ÃŽ ¼m and cell radius of 12 ÃŽ ¼m when compared to conventional electron dosimetry, indicating the need of developing dosimetr ic calculations for electrons emission at a cellular level [8]. Geant4 is an open source Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit, based on object orientated programming rules using the C++ language, which provides functions for simulating the passage of particles through matter [9]. The code is freely downloadable from the Geant4 web site. Detailed descriptions of the toolkit design and the physical fundamentals may be found in the â€Å"Geant4 User’s Guide for Application Developers† and the â€Å"Physics Reference Manual† [10], [11]. Besides the fact that it is entirely open-source and freely available to all users, the main advantage of this toolkit is its openness to modification and extensions. Originally Geant4 comes from high-energy physics but it also provides low-energy physics processes necessary for medical applications. Users may construct stand-alone applications or applications built upon another object-oriented framework. In either case the toolkit offers support from the initial problem definition to the production of results and graphics for publication. At the heart of Geant4 is an abundant set of physics models to handle the interactions of particles with matter across a very wide energy range. Data and expertise have been drawn from many sources around the world,and in this respect Geant4 acts as a repository which incorporates a large part of all that is known about particle interactions[12]. All aspects of the simulation process have been included in the toolkit: the geometry of the system, the materials involved,the fundamental particles of interest, the generation of primary events, the tracking of particles through materials and electromagnetic fields, t he physics processes governing particle interactions, the response of sensitive detector components, the generation of event data,the storage of events and tracks, the visualization of the detector and particle trajectories, and the capture and analysis of simulation data at different levels of detail and refinement. 1.2. Objectives Aims The level of biological effects of certain radiations is not always directly proportional to the dose they impart. Since the delivered dose on a cellular level is not directly measurable using current instrumentation, scientists and physicians have developed correlations between the biological response and the exposed dose through experiment and theory of atomic physics. An alternative method of predicting the delivered dose in a cell is by using Monte Carlo simulations. These simulations however, have to describe the biological composition and geometries of the material as accurately as possible, as well as the interactions of different particles with the material and can therefore result in complex codes and extremely long computation times. In our study, the aim was to determine (through experiments and using Monte Carlo simulations) the relative biological effectiveness[1] (RBE) of isolated and stimulated human lymphocytes exposed to 60Co irradiations and 123I decays. The first phase of experiments was the exposure of 3 different types of cellsto a 60Co-teletherapy unit. The proposed cell lines were: human lymphocytes, rat brain endothelial cells(bEND5, a cell with high radiosensitivity) andChinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO-K1, a cell with low radiosensitivity). The cells were exposed to graded doses of 60Co ÃŽ ³-radiation, after which they were cultured and the micronuclei formations in binucleated cells were used to analyze the effects of ÃŽ ³-radiation on the cell types. The second phase of experiments was the exposure of a known number of isolated and stimulatedhuman lymphocytes to certain activities of 123I for a discrete amount of time. The thymidine analogue 5-[123I]-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (123IUdR) was prepared and used to incorporate123I into theDNA of human lymphocytes. This was done such that the radionuclide could be transported across the cell and nuclear membrane to permit the deposition of Auger and Coster-Kronigelectrons in close proximity to cellular DNA. After exposure, the samples werecultured to express residual radiation damage. The cellular damage was quantified by numerating the micronuclei (MNi) frequency in binucleated (BN) cells.The experiments were done at iThemba LABS under the supervision and guidance of Prof. Slabbert and Philip Beukes. The experimental work followed the same approach as that of Slabbert, et al[13]. In the study they focused on the targeting and accumulation of 123I in human lymphocytes and CHO-K1 (a Chinese hamster ovary cell line). They found that the combined effect of intracellular and extracellular disintegrations of 123I is about 3.7 times more potent to lymphocytes compared to when the disintegration of the radionuclide is restricted to only the extracellular medium, among other results. It was concluded that this enhancement is due to the short range Auger electrons emitted by the isotope. Next, we wished to recreate the above experiments through Monte Carlo simulations and thereby determine as accurately as possible the absorbed energy and dose due to the irradiations,specifically the energy and dose deposited by Auger electrons produced during the decay of 123I. We will make use of a Monte Carlo based simulation code Geant4. The code must be mastered and used to simulate the scenarios mentioned above. We attempted to simulate the above 60Co exposures. This simulation was an investigation into the irradiation of a macroscopic volume by a radioactive source. The geometry was set up to replicate the experimental setup with regards to the source location and type, collimation, build-up and backscatter, the Petri dish and cellular media. The individual cells were not used as detectors, only the effective volume in the Petri dish. The energy and the dose deposited by the 60Co source (ÃŽ ³-rays, primary and secondary electrons) was then quantified by the Monte Carlo simulation. Our main endeavor was to simulate the energy deposition from the decay of 123I within a cell using Geant4. Basically, a geometry representing a biologicalcell (with the same density, etc. as the proposed lymphocytes) was created as a detector to measure the dose, energy and particles traversing it due to a radionuclide prone to emit Auger electrons, i.e. 123I. A similar simulation was performed by Bousis, et al (2012), using their in-house Monte Carlo code [14]. More advanced simulations are the calculation of DNA strand breaks due to direct and indirect effects of Auger electrons as was demonstrated by Raisali, et al (2013), which werehowever not attempted in this investigation [15], [16], [17]. Furthermore, an empirical formula relating the activity(and consequently the absorbed dose) to the biological response was determined. The curveswere compared to other dose-response curves from literature, thereby indicating if the simulations are a viable option for predicting accurate dose depositions. We could then calculate the RBE values from our dose-response curves and compare them to values available in literature. Finally, we aimed to determine the accuracy and feasibility of Geant4 as a simulation toolkit for medical and radiobiological purposes. To this end we considered the practicality, effort and time spent using Geant4, as well as by the comparison of RBE values and dose-response curves. Geant4 is an advanced, extensive and comprehensive simulation toolkit. Its advantage over similar packages with regards to availability, artistic and geometric freedom, physics models and materials libraries and openness to modification are undeniable. It is a very powerful simulation toolkit and can be used in a large number of areas of expertise as is shown by the examples supplied alongside the toolkit. [1]RBE values indicate the effectiveness of two radiation qualities to produce a certain biological response.

Three Little Pigs :: essays research papers

The Three Little Pigs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once upon a time, there were three little pigs that were kicked out of their birth home by their parents and told to live life on there own. These three little pigs were ready to build their own homes and get secure jobs. The first little pig was lazy, overweight and did not like to work at all. He wanted to take the easy path, and built a house out of straw which could barely support it’s own weight. After he was finished building his insecure house of straw, he decided to visit his brothers. He danced down the dirt path, to see how they were progressing with their homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second little pig was building himself a house also, but he too, like his brother, was a lazy little pig that did not like to work much. He also decided to take the easy path of life, and make his home simply out of sticks. In no time at all, he finished building the cheap house. However, it too was insecure. After the work was completed, the second little pig was free to do what he liked to best. He decided to dance and play his fiddle. As he played his fiddle, his brother, the first little pig arrived tooting on his stainless steel flute. They both danced while the second little pig sang: â€Å"I built my house out of sticks,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I built my house out of twigs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With a hey diddle-diddle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I play on my fiddle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And dance all kinds of jigs.† Then, the two brothers made their way down the treacherous till they came upon the third brother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third brother, the hard working egotistical type, chose to build his house out of Acme brick. He knew the big bad wolf was waiting until they got out on their own, before he tried one of his indecorous attempts at catching a feast. Rapidly he worked, slap, slosh, slap, laying red bricks, and smoothing fresh made mortar in between each layer of bricks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ha ha ha!† laughed his two brothers as he steadily worked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Come down and play with us!† the two little pigs yelled, but the busy little pig kept on working even harder than he was before they came. Then he yelled down to them: â€Å"I built my house of stones.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I built my house of bricks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have no chance To sing and dance,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For work and play don’t mix.

Othellos Research Paper :: essays research papers fc

Among Aristotle’s terms in depicting terms in his model of human characteristics is hamartia. Hamartia is when one’s flaw or weakness is his or her error or transgression. In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello,† Othello’s hamartia is the misconception he has â€Å"of himself as being uncouth, poorly spoken, and old; and because he begins to believe that his fair wife, Desdemona, cannot love him, he starts to believe that she is guilty of infidelity. â€Å"(classicnote). Maurice Charney’s â€Å"Shakespeare on Love and Lust† states that love in a comedy â€Å"acts as a generator of plot†¦The assumption is that the perturbations of love are a prelude to the triumph of love in the end; they provide a kind of education in adversity† (29). The phrase â€Å"education in adversity† means that there will be obstacles designed to make lovers question just how much they love. In comedy, this education proves hopeful; it illustrates that lovers will overcome this adversity. There is no burden on the characters to fight their way through the obstacles of love because what Charney calls â€Å"plot magic† exists (29). Charney’s idea of a cure-all ‘plot magic’ has been erased in the tragedy Othello, therefore making the characters condemned to endure their educations in love without the help of a plot. In tragedy the obstacles are designed to impede â€Å"perfect love,† that remains unconquerable. There is no longer the possibility for the characters to learn the same lessons of â€Å"triumph, wit, and devotion† that love in comedy teaches (30). These intractable obstacles in Othello are Othello and Desdemona themselves. The love between Othello and Desdemona proves to be destroyed because both of them stand in the way of a comedic and successful â€Å"education in adversity.† Othello could quite well be jealous of Brabantio’s relationship with his daughter, Desdemona. Quite possibly, to move up in the ranks of social mobility, Othello believed that Brabantio would love him one day and respect him, too as a son-in-law. Othello’s jealousy burns inside him because his pride is on the line when he doubts Desdemona’s faithfulness to him. Othello was a former slave and had a hard time being loved unconditionally. He felt loved by those he fought battles for. Desdemona loving him unconditionally seemed too good to be true. When Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, warns Othello that Desdemona may deceive him just as she has deceived her own father, any hope of Othello’s long-term happiness is bruised.

Dubai Essay

Harvard Business Review On Corporate Strategy – Page 4 – Google Books Result books. google. com/books? isbn=1578511429 C. K. Prahalad – 1999 – Business & Economics (See the exhibit â€Å"The Triangle of Corporate Strategy. †) The resources that provide the basis for corporate advantage range along a continuum—from the highly †¦ Creating Corporate Advantage – Harvard Business Review hbr. org/1998/05/creating-corporate-advantage/ar/1 Great corporate strategies come in the first instance from strength in each side of the triangle: high-quality rather than pedestrian resources, strong market †¦ Corporate Level Strategy: Theory and Applications – Page 2 – Google Books Result books. google. com/books? isbn=0203844521 Olivier Furrer – 2010 – Business & Economics This framework can be represented graphically as the corporate strategy triangle (see Figure 1. 1). In this framework, the three sides of the triangle—resources, †¦ Business Strategy Blog: Newell Company: Corporate Strategy deepakbusinessstrategy. blogspot. com/†¦ /newell-company-corporate-strateg†¦ Feb 20, 2011 – Use the Corporate Strategy Triangle to evaluate Newell’s corporate strategy. Do you think this corporate strategy is effective? Newell’s goal is to †¦ The Triangle of Corporate Strategy | Business & Entrepreneurship †¦ yourbusiness. azcentral. com/triangle-corporate-strategy-16752. html Making the sum of the parts greater than the whole is not necessarily a magician’s sleight of hand. The Triangle of Corporate Strategy is a management model †¦ [PDF]corporate strategy in turbulent environments – IESE Business School www. iese. edu/research/pdfs/DI-0623-E. pdf by AA Caldart – 2006 – Cited by 6 – Related articles The Corporate Strategy Triangle (Caldart and Ricart, 2004) is a dynamic †¦. The data collection process was framed by the Corporate Strategy Triangle. [PPT]Chapter Note 1 www. csun. edu/~dn58412/IS655/chapter1. ppt Define and explain the Information Systems Strategy Triangle. †¦ Dell’s mission is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best †¦ Searches related to corporate strategy triangle corporate advantage what constitutes a good corporate strategy and why develop corporate strategy key elements of corporate strategy corporate level strategies examples creating corporate advantage list three directional strategies

Formal Education Vs. Informal Education Essay

Are you or your child receiving an education that fits your element? If not then when would now be a good time to look into that? Adults and children today or mostly unaware of how education is being presented do to the fact that they are only aware of one type of education. Of course most of us all are all born and raised on the â€Å"ladder system† which is another way of saying formal education, but many people don’t realize that there is an abundance in different types of education. We have all heard of private schools and charter schools, but those are just schools not education. Yes they are education to a degree but there are only two types of education, and they are frequently fought and argued about which one is better. Those two types of education are formal education and informal education. In todays society people are built mainly on morals and beliefs that are passed down through the government and high end white collard business men. Unfortunately people are becoming more and more unaware of informal education. Informal education is better than formal education do to the constant environment change and open curriculum that a education lacks. Informal education is better and should be blended in with formal education to get a real world experience. The year two thousand and thirteen today we thought to have evolved in our educational practices. Even now people are becoming more intelligent in formal education through the years that the â€Å"ladder system† was introduced. Unfortunately though with that we also have been developing lower and lower common sense. That is mainly to do with formal education. Many people ask what is formal education? Formal education is education presented in a prestiges matter in which there are different levels completed. The levels being Elementary school, Middle School, High School, and finally college. Seeing that there are different levels to be completed makes a more focused approach on education which in the long run will increase your intelligence, do to wanting to complete the final task which is college. Even by doing this many people blindly rush into college only forgetting what they have learned in middle school and even high school. Formal education is also very narrow and not open in many other experiences. Formal education schools are often decided what to teach based on what the state wants. With most of the formal educations power going to the government and states. That leads formal educated schools to having a very closed curriculum and not being able to learn outside the box or have any other experiences. With formal education being a ladder system and a narrow curriculum, you can see that in terms of college expectations you are intelligent, but in realistic experiences you are not. Now what is Informal Education. Let me share an idea with you before i tell you. You probably know what a formal event is right? You wear a formal garment such as a suit or a dress and you go to a very on point social event, but  whatever when you are not dressed formally? You tend to have more creative freedom and you start to be educated on different types of apparel. Informal education the informal clothes appose to formal clothes such as a dress or suit. In the world of informal education there is no Ladder system. It is in short basic education but in a progressive form. And with being no ladder system the states are not involved with the curriculum which means you get to learn outside the box and experience far more than formal education could ever teach you. Many people argue which is better when most people really lean more towards formal education, but really for an educational stand point informal education is better. There are many factors to bring into play when explaining the reason informal education is better than formal education. First let me explain environmental reasons to this. Looking at formal education you see that every day you are in the same blocks of classes and you are constantly surrounded by the same people. With that you are not really experiencing different types of people because you are built upon having the same people through out the school  year. You are not exposed to different personalities or characteristics do to people adapting to your own and becoming more like you. Informal education on the other hand you are exposed to the same class room, but there are usually different people in your class daily, and frequently even different teachers. With that your are not adapting to certain personalities but you are adapting to a realistic way of life which is being surrounded constantly with different people. Another thing argued strongly is the experience range. Formal education gives you a very narrow curriculum not allowing you to experience other things that are more valuable outside of school. Most of the things in formal educated school apply only to school and not in the real world although english, science and some math is an exception. Informal education allows you to see many different prospectives on certain subjects and you really get to experience a lot more than what the state narrows it down too. Experience such as different people usually everyday, different subjects everyday and when a subject is ever retaught, it is taught by a different teaching making a different point of  understanding. The education in an informal school is usually basic things that you would learn in middle school, but going more into formal education it starts to be applied to many different areas in a real world circumstance, and applied several different ways. In a formal education school you are taught more advanced things that help develop the brain, but has no use in the outside world. In todays formal educated schools we are all taught that knowledge is power but that is really an understatement. What use do you have of acquired knowledge if you don’t even know how to apply it in a real world circumstance? Point proven. Formal educated schools today are focused to much upon how to help you get to the next step of the ladder rather than helping you understand the use of the information provided. While formal education has a great affect on the brain development wise, it lacks many uses outside of its buildings. In formal education on the other has many experiences that are less advanced and may not enhance or develop the brain much. But if knowing how to use one piece of great information acquired and it making you become very successful. Then all the other information obtained that had no transformational value was just a waist of time. Even today many people see education beyond high school as a waist of time, and the ones that adore formal education argue greatly on the belief. The biggest thing that affects people differently in formal or informal schools is the mindset that is carried through out the course. When begging a regular ladder system school which starts at elementary school we are all familiar with the different cards used to display behavior status. The blue card representing excellent behavior. The green card representing good behavior. The yellow card representing behavior that needs attention, and finally the red card representing bad behavior. What people do not know is the physiological effects that the cards hold towards the child. When growing up we are all taught right from wrong, but it is now human nature to focus only on the problems. With that said many times in elementary school kids are often punished more than rewarded, and many times barely acknowledged for the good they have done. When still developing at a young age there brains start adapting and internalizing what they are surrounded by. Many times do kids get yelled at for there miss behavior and even punished frequently. And not so often do the kids get praised  with the same amount of energy they were being punished for. With so little energy going towards the good and rewarding, and so much going towards punishing there starts to become an imbalance of emotions. In the long term the students feel like they are useless and not worthy enough for whats to come. With that they start growing up with these feelings and in the long run do not have the emotional uplift to conquer any dreams or goals. While during informal education every student is treated equally and is not so much punished as they are rewarded. This in the long run carries the opposite effect than in formal education.

Epicureanism vs. stoicism

Epicureanism Vs. Stoicism Epicurus was a great philosopher that founded the Epicurean belief. He was born in 341 B. C. and met his demise in 270 B. C. He was an advocate for seeking out carnal desires; however, he also knew the significance of experiencing pain in life. Without suffering, people would Indefinitely take everything for granted. Epicurus had a following of people that he taught to live modestly, within their means, in communities filled with individuals that had pleasant demeanors. His philosophy presented valid options for dealing with emotional distress and the many difficulties ssociated with life.He concluded that happiness is equivalent to the â€Å"absence of pain†. The people that are without friends are not better off, according to Epicurus. Friendship is one of the many great Joys that make life worth living. He believed that happiness is a state of mind. (Bergsma) Epicureanism Is a philosophy that deals with the belief that fear is both unnecessary and irrational. Greeks were afraid of the gods and this Idea teaches that one should not live in fear. Fate is determined by the individual. If one plans out his or her life in the most virtuous way possible, they will ead fulfilling lives.Nothing should deserve cruelty. The fear of death was also a driving force behind this belief. (Strenger) Epicureanism Vs. Stoicism Epicureanism was founded in the third century B. C. in a time wherein the citizens of Greece were constantly searching for answers. This philosophy was able to provide a way that people could find happiness. It took on religious proportions. The followers of this belief lived in their own small town. This community had a school wherein the ideals of Epicureanism were taught. The founder of the school was made to lead odel life and was actually worshipped as If he was a god.Epicurus gave very detailed instructions on how to live this lifestyle in the way that he did. He warned against overindulging in luxurious things. Mat erial Items were not to have all of one's attention. He wanted people to be able to experience true happiness, which would not require fortune or the things that could come with It. (Bergsma) There are hedonistic characteristics that can be found in Epicureanism. Hedonism is defined as the pursuit of pleasure. Things, people. or experiences that can cause an Individual leasure or pain are what define morals.An individual lives his or her life based on what causes them Joy and the things that cause great displeasure. The afterlife Is not considered a factor. The dead are just that: dead. The dead cannot experience pain or pleasure. It makes it simple to believe that death should not be cause for fear. (Glannon) when the body Is sustained by simple joys and when the mind is void of fear, life becomes fulfilling. There are four primary truths found In Epicureanism: 1 . â€Å"Dont fear the gods. 2. Don't worry about death. 3. What Is good is easy to get. . What is terrible is easy to e ndure. (Bergsma) Epicurus believed that the gods did not concern themselves with the affairs of one else was going to give it to them. The gods did not listen to prayer, Epicurus argued, and it was pointless to expect things to change without any action from the particular individual. (Bergsma) Fear of death is a major cause of depression. Epicurus eliminated the need for this fear. He stated, â€Å"[Death] is relevant to neither the living nor the dead, since it does not affect the former and the latter do not exist. † (Bergsma) Epicureanism Vs. Stoicism Both Epicurus and Lucretius believed that an individual is a combination of a soul and a body.It is separate from the concept of dualism, wherein the body is viewed as being material and the soul is immaterial. In Epicureanism, both the body and the soul are believed to be substantial. Anything material can be corrupted. This argument makes both the soul and body mortal. â€Å"Death is defined as the separation and dissolut ion of soul-atoms from the body as they return to the vast reservoir of atomic material in the universe. † Epicurus argues that once the soul has exited the ody, it does not hold any power, which means that it would not be able to have feelings.Pain and pleasure are derivatives of the fusion of soul and body. Once this fusion has ceased, a person will not be able to feel anything. (Glannon) Lucretius, Epicurus' disciple, believed that the periods of time before an individual is born and after he or she dies are equivalent. In this â€Å"mirror-image† point-of-view, it is completely irrational to focus on what happens after death because you cannot feel pleasure or pain before life; likewise, after it. This argument reiterates the idea that one should not fear death. Glannon) Epicurus believed that people generally do not have their priorities in order.This is why he maintains that everyone is unhappy. Basic needs such as water, food, shelter, and protection are easily a ttainable and can provide pleasure if they are satisfied. Of course, fulfilling these needs will free everyone from pain as well. Epicurus urges everyone to remember that although things like food and water are necessary to live, it is unnecessary to purchase expensive foods (I. e. lobster or steak) or expensive bottled water (i. e. Evian or Fiji) when it is not necessary to do so. He also teaches that is unnecessary to lust for fame or riches.Wealth and excess is not significant to your happiness or health and therefore, should not be a high priority in life. If one places great emphasis on going beyond his or her means, it would create more problems and stress than it would provide pleasure. (Bergsma) Epicurus teaches that pain is only temporary. If one were to think about past pleasure and happiness, it will overcome whatever pain he or she is feeling. The mind will believe that it is not in pain any longer, which is plausible. (Bergsma) Living life without being hindered by irra tional fear is also an idea that Sigmund Freud believed in.Freud was always challenging his patients to let go of the part of their superego that is not fully developed. The ego continues to cling to its childlike state. Searching for friendship and love are important factors in facilitating growth. (Strenger) Around the same time that the Epicureanism belief was gaining popularity, high moral standards. Stoics believe that having virtue is the most significant trait to possess in order to lead a fulfilled life. One must not be controlled by their feelings and desires. Stoicism has three main characteristics: 1. Disconnecting yourself from your emotions. . Refraining from expressing your feelings. 3. Having control over your emotions. (WagstafO Logics, ethics, and metaphysics are also key principles in Stoicism. Logic deals with one's objective Judgment at a specific moment in time. Ethics deals with selfless actions. Metaphysics deals with willingly coming to terms with Epicureanis m Vs. Stoicism outside occurrences. Truth, Justice, temperance, and fortitude are the four virtues that Stoics put value in. (Robertson) Stoicism was used as a method of becoming fully immersed in life. It is considered to be extremely difficult.Apathy is not easily achieved, especially it a part of human nature to form emotional connections with other people, animals, and even inanimate objects. Stoics believe that people often mistake finding importance in things as being emotionally attached to them. One does not have to release all of their worries; however, the goal is to be able to not concern yourself with irrational troubles. Henry David Thoreau stated, â€Å"The mind can be profaned by the habit of attending to trivial things. † The brain is sacred and it is reproachable to not treat it as such.Furtak) Believers must not partake in activities that will cause them to stray from their virtuous path. Any negative influences must be carefully avoided. Purifying oneself a llows us to grow closer to God, according to Thoreau. Likewise, Stoics believe that you must relinquish power to the best parts of our souls. The pieces of the soul that are benevolent in nature should be made dominant. (Furtak) Epicureanism Vs. Stoicism Epicureanism, to me, is a completely understandable concept. It reminds me of the Chinese philosophy, The Tao. In the Tao, it speaks of disconnecting yourself from your houghts to ultimately achieve enlightenment.Likewise, Epicureanism is about getting rid of all of your irrational fears, doubts, and worries. It makes sense to me. Without worry or fear, there could be no pain. Nagging thoughts and lingering feelings could ultimately be our downfall. Isn't a depressed person Just someone that is consumed in their own thoughts? Stoicism is similar in that it wants you to separate yourself from your emotions. The idea is about being virtuous and true. I believe that it is a bit less attainable due to the fact that you cannot have emoti onal ttachment to anything or anyone.Humans are emotional by nature. I feel that it would be extremely difficult to go through life without friends or family that you can share your experiences with. Epicureanism values friendships. Citations Bergsma, Ad, Germaine Poot and Aart Liefbroer. â€Å"Happiness in the Garden of Epicurus. â€Å"Journal of Happiness Studies 9. 3 (2008): 397-423. Academic Search Journal of Speculative Philosophy 17. 2 (2003): 122-132. Academic Search Premier. Print. 20 Jan. 2012. Glannon, Walter. â€Å"Epicureanism and Death. † Monist 76. 2 (1993): 222. Academic Search Premier. Print. 18 Jan. 012. Robertson, Donald. Stoicism†A Lurking Presence. â€Å"CPJ: Counseling ; Psychotherapy Journal 16. 6 (2005): 35-40. Academic Search Premier. Print. 20 Jan. 2012. Strenger, Carlo. â€Å"Mild Epicureanism: Notes Toward the Definition of a Therapeutic Attitude. † American Journal of Psychotherapy 62. 2 (2008): 195-211. Academic Search Premier. Pri nt. 17 Jan. 2012. Wagstaff, Graham F. , and Andrea M. Rowledge. â€Å"Stoicism: Its Relation To Gender, Attitudes Toward Poverty, and Reactions to Emotive Material. † Journal of Social Psychology 135. 2 (1995): 181-184. Academic Search Premier. Print. 19 Jan. 2012.

Impact of Affordable care act in North Carolina Essay

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) 2010 is one of the most radical healthcare moves in legislation of United States after Medicare and Medicaid. The main goals of ACA were to decrease the number of uninsured and provide cost-effective high-quality care to all in US. According to Kaiser Family Foundation, the potential plan of ACA was to expand coverage to 47 million nonelderly uninsured in the nation, which included 1.6 million uninsured North Carolinians (2014). The purpose of this paper is to review the effect of ACA on the North Carolina uninsured population, the influence of the economy of care provided care and the ethical implications. Impact of ACA on North Carolina Population North Carolina has the highest index of the uninsured population approximately 1.6 million. Being uninsured has a profound impact on the health and well-being of the people. The ACA had a significant impact on the different population categories of North Carolina. According to The Affordable Care Act 2014, Medicaid will cover most low-income people if Federal Poverty Level (FPL) is no greater than 138 percent (Milsted, 2013). The people that have more impact are the children six to eighteen, working parents, nonworking parents, and childless adult. Prior to Affordable Care Act, Medicaid was limited to a specific group of low-income individuals, such as children less than six, pregnant women, elderly and disabled. Childless adult who was homeless or unemployed did not qualify for Medicaid. The Medicaid also did not enroll undocumented immigrants and lawful immigrants that resided lesser than five years in United States (Milstead, 2013). Medicaid expansion became optional with Supreme Court rule 2012, and North Carolina chooses not to expand Medicaid and put their most vulnerable in jeopardy (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). Consequently, the newly eligible uninsured adults in North Carolina will remain without coverage. The reason for this was, ACA envisaged that Medicaid would expand and provide coverage for people below 138% FPL and thus did not provide Marketplace subside for these low-income people. Therefore, the people that did not qualify for Medicaid nor subsides fell into a â€Å"coverage gap† which was estimated as 318,710 or 28 percentage of all uninsured nonelderly adults (Angster & Colleluori, 2014). This brought up ethical dilemma. The people in the coverage gap are facing barriers to health services and financial consequences. The Safety net of clinics and hospitals that had been traditionally serving these populations are still stretch in the state to provide care for the uninsured. Financial Impact of ACA on North Carolina The biggest challenge that US health care is facing is the rapid escalation of health care costs. The United States spends more when compared to other developed centuries in the world. The United States spends 17.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in health, and in terms of per- capita cost, US spend $ 8,247 in 2010 (Silberman, 2013). The ACA has put forward many provisions to reduce the health care cost. Some have immediate results, and some may take time to bend the cost curve. The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) is a model of care that aims to deliver comprehensive care which includes preventive, acute and chronic care to children, adolescents, and adult (Kovner & Knickman, 2011). North Carolina was the first state to get a demonstration grant for the Medicaid and Medicare innovation, and this was used for test PCMH model in seven rural counties. Bundle payments, Accountable Care Organization (ACO), Medicare diagnosis-related group (DRG), and Value-Based Purchasing (VB P) program are all aimed at reducing healthcare spending in the long term by the ACA. (Silberman, 2013). The Federal government will be paying the state â€Å" most of the costs for covering the new eligible: 100 % of the Medicaid costs for newly eligible clients for the first three fiscal years 2014 to 2016, and declining to 90% in 2020† (North Carolina Institute of Medicine, 2014, p. 2). The Affordable Care act also funded North Carolina for Prevention and Public heath Trust  for promoting prevention, wellness, and public health, â€Å"ACA granted $750 million in FY 2011 increasing to dollar two billion in FY 2015 and each year thereafter† (Silberman, 2013, p 28). According to Middle Class Tax Relief and Job creation Act 2012, â€Å"the cut $6.25 billion over 9 years†, the fund instead of reach dollar two billion in 2015, it will reach it only in 2022 and the funds will remain at one billion until 2018 (Silberman, 2013, p 28). Effect of ACA on Cost, Quality, and Access to Treatment According to the North Carolina Institute of Medicine(NCIOM), the Health Benefit Exchange (HBE) created by States or federal government provides standardized information on quality, cost, and network providers, which helps people and small business to select the health plan of choice (2013). Since North Carolina did not meet the deadlines for HBE for 2014, the state created partnership arrangement with North Carolina Department of Insurance for consumer assistance and plan management (Silberman, 2013). The ACA provides cost effective and high quality health coverage through the Health Insurance Market (exchanges). There are different health plans and eligibility factors; to determine what savings and benefits the people can quality. The ACA provides people with income 100% and 400% of FPL to be eligible for the premium tax credits for purchasing marketplace insurance (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). The tax credits are based on income, cost of insurance and are only for people that are not eligible for other coverages. People with income greater than 400% FPL can purchase unsubsidized insurance from marketplace (Kaiser Family Foundation 2014). Agency for Health Research and Quality ranked North Carolina performance score for overall health care quality as â€Å"average† when compared to other states. (Silberman, 2013). To improve the quality of care ACA helped the state to accelerate their effort. ACA recommended the secretary of US Department of Health and Human service to define â€Å"quality†, and healthcare institution should give a report on quality care measures adopted by them. To improve quality ACA also changed the reimbursement policies. The way health care providers were paid was based on quality and outcome of care provided. Increasing incentives and rewards was also emphasized by ACA to  improve the quality of care in North Carolina (Silberman, 2013). PCMH model funded through ACA will improve the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of care delivered, which meets patients unique need and preferences. (Kovner & Knickman, 2011). Ethical Implication of ACA on the Organization and the Patient Health care reforms bring controversial ethical issues to the population as well as to the legislators. There is a critical need for reforms in healthcare to reshape the healthcare delivery system in United States. However, it is always challenging to meet all demands of the people. According to Sorrell (2011), there are be four essential goals that shaped our health care system. First, there is always a want for high-quality care with great benefits. Second, the peoples needed the freedom of choice of â€Å"who, when, and where† for their health (Sorrell, 2011, para.4). Third, the health care should be affordable and fourth the people wanted fellow citizen to share the benefits of the health care (Sorrell, 2011). When people are not treated with equal moral concerns, social injustice occurs. As in North Carolina, it is unfair that the populations that are in the â€Å"coverage gap† who are the poorest of the poor are denied of health care. Here, if North Carolina has opt-in to expand Medicaid, which would have extended coverage to an estimated 1.6 million uninsured people in the state (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). According to American College of Physicians (ACP), being uninsured poses a hazard to once health, chronic disease, and morbidity and mortality is high in the uninsured group (2014). Lack of health insurance also effects the people and the community financially, 60 percent of all bankruptcies are related to cost of medical care expenses due lack of insurance (ACP, 2014) Summary Expanding of Medicaid is the North Carolina is one of the solutions to decrease the uninsured population. The Affordable Care Act gives funding to states that opt-in; it would improve not only the health care system but also the economy of the state as a whole in the future. Ethically it is not fair to deny treatment to any patient. With the new health care reform and newer evidence-based researches we can develop better Healthcare Models to  contain this rising cost and provide universal health care to all. Affordable Care Act has to work against the obstacles, and it is still unfolding (ACP, 2014). It will take time, â€Å" to know the real impacts of Affordable Care Act reform experiment is a success, a failure or a little of both† (ACP, 2014, p.305). But once thing for sure, Affordable Care Act have decreased the number of uninsured in United States. References American College of Physicians (2014). How North Carolinians can access affordable, comprehensive health insurance. Retrieved from http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/state_health_policy/aca_enrollment/states/nc.htm Angster,D., & Colleluori, S ( 2014, April1). Study: Top NC newspapers Miss Coverage Gap in reporting on Medicaid expansion. Media Matters for America. Retrieved from http://mediamatters.org/research/2014/04/01/study-top-nc-newspapers-misses-coverage-gap-in/198701 Kaiser Family Foundation. (2014, April 7). How will the uninsured fare under the affordable care act. Retrieved from http://kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/how-will-the-uninsured-fare-under-the-affordable Kaiser Family Foundation. (2014, January 6). How will the uninsured in North Carolina fare under the affordable care act. Retrieved from http://kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/state-profiles-uninsured-under-aca-north-carolina/-care-act Kovner, A. R., & Knickman, J. R. (Eds.). (2011). Health care delivery in the United States (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing. Milstead, J. A. (2013). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. North Carolina Institute of Medicine. (2014). Examining the impact of the patient protection and affordable care act in north Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.nciom.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Medicaid-summary-FINAL.pdf Silberman, P ( 2013, January 25). The ACA: an essential first step towards improved population health. Retrieved from http://publichealth.nc.gov/shd/presentations/2013/AffordableCareAct-2013SHDConf-Silberman-012513.pdf Silberman, P. (2013, August 1). Implementing the affordable Care Act in North Carolina: The rubber hits the road. North Carolina Medical Journal. 74(4), 298 -307. Retrieved from http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/74403.pdf

The Mayflower essays

The Mayflower essays The famous ship the Mayflower can be dated back to 1609, when it was used as a merchant ship. In 162o, a Thomas Weston and John Carver hired the Mayflower and the Speedwell to undertake the voyage to plant a colony in Northern Virginia. The Speedwell turned out to be a leaky ship and could not make the famous voyage. Captain Christopher Jones left Plymouth, England, with 102 passengers on September 6, 1620. Of these 102 passengers there was 3 pregnant women, which all three had their kids aboard the Mayflower. 2 of the children were born healthy and the other was born stillborn. There was one other death while on the voyage, a young boy also died. The conditions on the Mayflower were horrible. The food consisted of hard tack, dried fish, cheese and beer. There was no place to bathe on the ship, so you could imagine the smell. The ship also had no sanitary facilities, except for the traditional bucket. The mayflower was a very small ship, it was very crowded and there was no privacy. There were also many mishaps. One night during a storm, a main beam spilt in half. Also a man of the name John Howland will overboard, but he was rescued. The Pilgrims first sighted land on November 9, 1620, and landed on land November 11th. The original plan of landing in Virginia spoiled, for they had sailed farther up the coast to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. For the next month they explored this area, particularly Provincetown Harbor. Because the Pilgrims had no legal right to settle this area, they drew up the Mayflower compact. This created their government. They elected John Carver as their governor. A month later on December 12th, they began exploring Plymouth Harbor, where they settled and established the first English Colony in America that would endure. ...

Underage Driving Essays

Underage Driving Essays Underage Driving Paper Underage Driving Paper TEEN TRAFFIC Attention! Attention! Attention! If you are a teenager or a parent of one then – it is a MUST for you to read on. It is very important for you to know that driving and especially underage driving is a potentially â€Å"risky activity†. Nowadays, in the times of modernization and the exposure, the teenagers are getting, they find it difficult to resist the temptation of driving before the right age. Due to peer pressure and to look cool, most teenagers start driving at an early age. It gives them a feeling of invincibility, freedom and independence. But is this rosy world of teens as beautiful as they think it is? Well, let’s see. It is true that anyone driving on the roads is quite in danger of meeting with an accident and teens between the ages of 16 yrs to 19 yrs are more vulnerable to it. The reason being that they are the most inexperienced when it comes to matters of the road. It has been found that the most number of people jumping a red light, taking illegal turns or driving with too many pillion riders are teens. They are even found wanting in the use of seat belts. Teens are the ones who usually meet with more number of accidents due to their immaturity as they often underestimate the seriousness or danger involved in a situation. They are wild by nature and high in spirits and also quite carefree. The fact that they are breaking rules and still not getting caught gives them a feeling of boldness. They often wear an attitude that says – ‘I can get away with anything and everything†. But ask the families who have lost one of their dear ones due to road accidents and are suffering now but also repenting at the same time due to their only mistake of allowing their young child to drive prematurely. Well, the fact remains that parents who allow their kids to drive on the roads whether, only for making their lives easy as the teens have to rush from their schools to tuition classes, don’t even think twice about its consequences. Statistics say that 1400 adolescents died due to underage driving in India in the year 1999 and the numbers keep increasing drastically every year. I feel that the leniency of the traffic police and negligence of the parents is the main cause of this problem. I don’t understand why is it so difficult for the traffic police to keep a check on underage driving as anyone in a school uniform driving a vehicle is underage. Traffic rules should be carefully explained and strictly enforced in all places. The police should be strict and should levy heavy fines on the offenders. Parents should also guide their wards in obeying traffic rules. The teenagers should be made to realize that driving is full of responsibilities and is a very serious issue. It involves the safety of not only their lives but also the other traffickers. The most important thing is that if the parents set an example by obeying traffic laws then their children will respect the law too. The schools can also contribute by making the students aware of the dangers involved in driving and the responsibility that comes with it. I feel that a combined effort of the police, parents and the schools will certainly help to reduce this problem to a great extent.

Robinson Crusoe1 essays

Robinson Crusoe1 essays Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, led a rather dramatic life, just like the character described in his novel. He had played various roles throughout his life. He used to be a successful merchant, though went out of business later. He published The True-Born Englishman, which was awarded by William III, and he also the author of The Short Way With The Dissentions, because of which he was sent to the court since the article ridicule the policy the government had taken towards the national church. When he was producing the novel Robinson Crusoe, he was already over sixty years of age. The novel was presented out of a real story of a seaman and it gained great popularity as soon as it was published. It goes beyond any literary codes or restrictions. Deniel Defoe with great independence of creativity made his novels a model of a completely new literary style and just because of this he was awarded as the father of the English and European novels. In the novel, Robinson Crusoe was a young Englishman with great interests in traveling in sea. He abandoned the peaceful life of his hometown village and went out to the sea. Unfortunately their ship was attacked by a storm. However Robinson was the only one who survived and was stuck on an island. In order to live on the deserted island, he cultivated small farmlands and raised animals with his own hands and wisdom. After he saved a savage, whom he names Friday and made him his slave, the small island was changed into a tiny society. Before he returned to his homeland he had stayed on the small island for twenty-eight years. Robinson Crusoe was the first novel, which describe the creative activity of human beings with a rather different method compared with many other novels of his time. Defoe regarded labor as a great motivation of the society and praised it with elaborate words. Although Robinson was lost in the island away from the society which he lived in, he still has th ...

Biography of George Washington Carver

Biography of George Washington Carver Free Online Research Papers George Washington Carver was born into slavery January of 1860 on the Moses Carver plantation in Diamond Grove, Missouri. He spent the first year of his life, the brutal days of border war, between Missouri and neighboring Kansas. George was a very sickly child with a whooping cough, which later lead to his speech impediment, and he was tiny and puny. George’s father, James Carver, died in a wood hauling accident when he was bringing wood to his master’s house one day. George was sick a great deal during his early years. In 1861, when George was one year old, raiders kidnapped him and his mother with horses from their home in Missouri. Moses Carver, Mary’s master, heard that a bushwhacker named Bentley knew Mary’s whereabouts along with little George’s. Moses offered him 40 acres of his best timberland and Pacer, one of his best horses. Bentley accepted the offer and started in pursuit all the way into Arkansas. Bentley returned a few days later only with young George in a bundle and no sign of Mary. A few years later, in spring, little George was in the woods scraping at the earth. When someone was sick George gathered roots, herbs, and bark, which he boiled to make medicines. Carver grew to be a student of life and a scholar, despite the illness and frailty of his early childhood. Because he was not strong enough to work in the fields, he helped with household chores and gardening. Probably because of these duties and because of the hours he would spend exploring the woods around his home, he developed a keen interest in plants at an early age. Neighbors called George the Plant Doctor because he made house to house calls in Diamond Grove to prescribe for ailing plants. George had his own mini garden where he nursed sick plants back to health. Moses and Susan Carver, his owners, reared him until slavery was abolished in 1865. He learned to read, write and spell at home because there were no schools for African Americans in Diamond Grove. A few years later George decided to leave the Carver’s and go on with his education. He set out and ended upon the farm of a family, Christopher and Mariah Watson, who became his foster parents. While under the Watson’s care, George attended the colored school of Neosho. From age 10, his thirst for knowledge and desire for formal education led him to several communities in Missouri and Kansas Later he moved to Fort Scott, Kansas to attend High school. In 1890, to Indiana, Iowa were he enrolled at Simpson College to study piano and painting. In 1891 he got admission in Iowa State University and gained his BS in 1894 and MS in 1897 in â€Å"Bacterial Botany† and â€Å"Agriculture†. Meanwhile he also took art and piano lessons. In 1894, Carver qualified for an opening, in Iowa, on the faculty as assistant botanist in the experiment station. Carver devoted special attention to bacterial laboratory work in syste matic botany. He also collaborated with Dr. Pammell, an eminent botanist, on two publications: Treatment of Currants and Cherries to Prevent Spot Diseases, and Fungus Diseases of Plants at Ames. In 1985, Dr., as he was known as, George Washington Carver was sent a request asking him to accept the Chair of Agriculture at the Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College in Westside Mississippi. While in Mississippi George really learned about Jim Crowism through the people and his experiences. All of Georges life he spent around white people and now he was segregated where he could only eat, sleep, and drink certain places. It took him a while to get used to it but eventually he adjusted. G. W. Carver formulated a plan, after becoming Director and Consulting Chemist at Tuskegee University, to help farmers. The plan included giving Alabama farmers education in soil conservation, diversification of crops, utilization of native crops. The economy of the farming south had been devastated by years of civil war and the cotton and tobacco plantations could no longer use slave labor, because slavery had been abolished. Carver convinced the southern farmers to follow his suggestions and helped the region to recover. In a study with Pan-American Medical Congress, Carver discovered a large number of official drug plants, and an equal number of unofficial, which were found to be household remedies. In 1881, G. W. Carver founded Tuskegee Institute. Carver helped to produce an abundance of many crops. For example, he increased the average yield of sweet potatoes from 37 bushels an acre to 266 bushels an acre. Carver also extracted from rotten sweet potatoes a water-soluble bluing, which was used for laundry purposes and if added to clay it that was naturally yellow a soft green resulted. Carver created in all twenty-seven combinations of color washes. He was responsible for the invention in 1927, of a process for producing paints and stains from soybeans. Although it is well known that Dr.George Washington Carver did not invent the peanut, not many know of the many products that have come from the peanut due to the work of this great African-American inventor and scient ist. George Washington Carver invented peanut butter along with over three hundred other uses for peanuts and hundreds more uses for soybeans, pecans and sweet potatoes. Innumerable products we that exist today come to us by the discoveries of Carver. Only three patents were every issued to him, but among his discoveries are: Adhesives, Axle Grease, Bleach, Buttermilk, Chili Sauce, Fuel Briquettes, Ink, Instant Coffee, Linoleum, Mayonnaise, Meat Tenderizer, Metal Polish, Paper, Plastic, Pavement, Shaving Cream, Shoe Polish, Synthetic Rubber, Talcum Powder, and Wood Stain. George Washington Carver died in 1943. He received many honors in his lifetime and a 1938 feature film called Life of George Washington Carver. Some of his honors included a film dedicated to him at Tuskegee Institute in 1941, the Roosevelt Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Southern Agriculture in 1942, a national monument in Diamond Grove, Missouri; commemorative postage stamps in 1947 and 1998; and a fifty-cent coin in 1951. George was inducted into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in 1977. He was also inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1990. In 1994, Iowa State awarded him the degree, Doctor of Humane Letters. I truly enjoyed this book and learning about George Washington Carver. I learned a lot about this great African American scientist who was very caring and devoted to his work. George Washington Carver helped to make and discovered many different uses for items like the peanut and sweet potatoes. This book was very vivid in its description of all the hardships, hard work, and effort Georg e Washington Carver put into his research. I learned that George was very dedicated to his research and he proved this in many ways. George donated his entire estate to enable his research to continue which coerces me to strive to do better for myself. Overall, this book gave me a real role model that I could strive to be like. I realized from reading the book that George never gave up no matter how many people gave him a fight. I also learned that just because you are slow or have a disability does not mean that you are not smart. Now I know to believe in myself and not to let others put me down or not to put down myself and for his contributions I am thankful. Research Papers on Biography of George Washington CarverNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceStandardized TestingThe Spring and AutumnEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaGenetic Engineering